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Police v Solovi [2018] WSSC 53 (5 April 2018)
SUPREME COURT OF SAMOA
Police v Solovi [2018] WSSC 53
Case name: | Police v Malauulu Solovi |
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Citation: | |
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Decision date: | 5 April 2018 |
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Parties: | POLICE v MALAUULU SOLOVI male Saleaumua Aleipata |
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Hearing date(s): |
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File number(s): |
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Jurisdiction: | Criminal |
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Place of delivery: | Supreme Court of Samoa, Mulinuu |
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Judge(s): | JUSTICE LEIATAUALESA DARYL MICHAEL CLARKE |
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On appeal from: |
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Order: | - Accordingly, the you are convicted and sentenced as follows: - on the charge of manslaughter, you are convicted and sentenced to 1 year and 8 months imprisonment less any time remanded in custody;
and
- unlicensed driving, convicted and discharged.
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Representation: | A Matalasi for prosecution D Kerslake for the Accused |
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Catchwords: | Manslaughter involving the use of a motor vehicle, |
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Words and phrases: | Driving above the speed limit in front of a church, Behaviour at the time of the offence, such as failing to stop, falsely claiming
that one of the victims was responsible for the crash, or trying to throw the victim off the bonnet of the car by swerving in order
to escape. |
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Legislation cited: | |
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Cases cited: | Police v Faatafa [2016] WSSC 51 (8 April 2016) his Honour Sapolu CJ, In Gacitua v R [2013] NZCA 234, para [25] the New Zealand Court of Appeal, English Court of Criminal Appeal in R v Cooksley [2003] 3 A11 ER 40, para [15], Iosua v Attorney General [2014] WSCA 5 (2 May 2014) , Police v Faatafa (supra), Sapolu CJ, Taueki v R [2005] NZCA 174; [2005] 3 NZLR 372, Court of Appeal in Tele'a v National Prosecution Office [2017] WSCA 4 (31 March 2017), Gacitua v R [2013] NZCA 234 (20 June 2013), R v Skerrett CA236/86, 9 December 1986 , Police v Tapaleao [2014] WSSC 38 and Police v Siaso [2014] WSSC 56 (14 October 2014). |
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Summary of decision: |
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SAMOA
HELD AT MULINUU
BETWEEN
P O L I C E
Prosecution
A N D
MALAUULU SOLOVI male Saleaumua Aleipata
Accused
Counsel:
A Matalasi for prosecution
D Kerslake for the Accused
Sentence: 5 April 2018
S E N T E N C E
- Malauulu, you appear for sentencing on one charge of manslaughter involving the use of a motor vehicle contrary to sections 88, 92(2)(b),
102 and 108 of the Crimes Act 2013 (S538/17) and one charge of unlicensed driving. The charge of manslaughter carries a maximum penalty of up to life imprisonment and
the charge of unlicensed driving a fine of up to $200.00.
The Offending
- According to the Summary of Fact s accepted by you through your counsel, on the 10th April last year, you were the driver of a Hyundai Getz rental car. As you returned from Faleolo Airport to Saleaumua Aleipata on
the East Coast Road, you were speeding at Lauli’i. As you drove through Lauli’i, you were travelling between 50 –
60 miles per hour. You told Police in your caution statement that this incident occurred at Lauli’i. You told the Probation
Service it was raining. The speed limit at the location where you struck the victim was 35 miles per hour.
- The victim is a Church Minister. He was crossing the road as he was leaving Church to go to his home on the opposite side of the road
to the church. He had passed the centre line of the road as he crossed. You saw the victim only 5 – 6 metres before you struck
him. You tried to swerve to avoid hitting him but couldn’t as there was a car travelling from the other direction. On hitting
the victim, he was thrown a distance from the point of impact. You then also struck the car heading in the opposite direction towards
Apia causing that car to face eastwards in the direction it had come from.
- The victim’s wife heard a loud bang and came to the scene and found the victim. He died having sustained several deep lacerations
to the head and left eye, open skull fracture over the left eye and minor abrasions over his legs and chest. The Medical Doctor’s
Report to the Coroner noted that the victim was admitted dead on arrival at 8.25pm on the 10th April 2017 and that the place of death was TTM Hospital.
- You told the Probation Service that you stopped your car and went to check the victim but were then assaulted by bystanders.
The Accused
- You are a 46 year old single male of Saleaumua Aleipata. You completed Secondary School to year 12. You lived in American Samoa from
1991 to 2000 and when you returned, you worked as a taxi driver. You then subsequently operated a fishing boat business both for
fishing and tourism. You told Probation you earn $800.00 per week.
- You come from a supportive family. Your family has asked for the Court’s leniency. They rely on you to support their business.
- An ifoga was performed by your family. This presentation was carried out at the victim’s home at Lauli’i but was apparenty
made to the village of Lauli’i due to protocols on that day raised by, apparently, the village of Lauli’i. The ifoga
included $20,000.00 and 10 large fine mats. These were accepted by the village. The victim’s wife told the Probation Service
that from the ifoga, she received $1,000.00 from that ifoga. Counsel for the prosecution accepts that a deduction for the ifoga presented
to the village should be made, but it is a question then as to the weight to be given to that ifoga.
- A village fine was paid to your own village. This was $4,000.00, 40 boxes of chicken legs, a cow and a sow.
The Victim
- The victim was a 68 year old male of Lauli’i. He was a Church Minister for the Seventh Day Adventist Church.
- The VIR prepared following interview of the victim’s wife Fuatino Su’a Atonio said that her husband was suffering following
the accident. He was a loved husband, father and grandfather.
- Fuatino and her children are people of strong faith and forgiveness. They forgive you for what has happened and for the death of her
husband.
- The victim’s funeral cost exceeded $40,000.00.
Aggravating and Mitigating Factors:
- In Police v Faatafa [2016] WSSC 51 (8 April 2016), His Honour Sapolu CJ addressed aggravating and mitigating factors in cases of motor manslaughter. Sapolu CJ stated:
“8. In Gacitua v R [2013] NZCA 234, para [25], the New Zealand Court of Appeal said that the aggravating and mitigating factors recommended by the English Sentencing
Advisory Panel and adopted by the English Court of Criminal Appeal in R v Cooksley [2003] 3 A11 ER 40, para [15] were useful in identifying
some of the aggravating and mitigating factors relevant to sentencing in a case of motor manslaughter. The weight to be given to
each factor is a matter for assessment in the particular circumstances. The factors as set out in R v Cooksley [2003] 3 A11 ER 40,
para [15], are:
“Highly culpable standard of driving at time of offence
- (a) The consumption of drugs (including legal medication known to cause drowsiness) or of alcohol, ranging from a couple of drinks
to a ‘motorised pub crawl’
- (b) Greatly excessive speed; racing; competitive driving against another vehicle; ‘showing off’
- (c) Disregard of warnings from fellow passengers.
- (d) A prolonged, persistent and deliberate course of very bad driving.
- (e) Aggressive driving (such as driving much too close to the vehicle in front, persistent inappropriate attempts to overtake, or
cutting in after overtaking).
- (f) Driving while the driver’s attention is avoidably distracted, e.g. by reading or by use of a mobile phone (especially if
hand-held).
- (g) Driving when knowingly suffering from a medical condition which significantly impairs the offender’s driving skills.
- (h) Driving when knowingly deprived of adequate sleep or rest.
- (i) Driving poorly maintained or dangerously loaded vehicle, especially where this has been motivated by commercial concerns.
Driving habitually below accepted standard
- (j) Other offences committed at the same time, such as driving without ever having held a licence; driving while disqualified; driving
without insurance; driving while a learner without supervision; taking a vehicle without consent; driving a stolen vehicle.
- (k) Previous convictions for motoring offences, particularly offences which involve bad driving or the consumption of excessive alcohol
before driving.
Outcome of offence
- (l) More than one person killed as a result of the offence (especially if the offender knowingly put more than one person at risk
or the occurrence of multiple deaths was foreseeable).
- (m) Serious injury to one or more victims, in addition to the death(s).
Irresponsible behaviour at time of offence
- (n) Behaviour at the time of the offence, such as failing to stop, falsely claiming that one of the victims was responsible for the
crash, or trying to throw the victim off the bonnet of the car by swerving in order to escape.
- (o) Causing death in the course of dangerous driving in an attempt to avoid detection or apprehension.
- (p) Offence committed while the offender was on bail.
Mitigating factors
- (a) A good driving record;
- (b) The absence of previous convictions;
- (c) A timely plea of guilty;
- (d) Genuine shock or remorse (which may be greater if the victim is either a close relation or friend);
- (e) The offender’s age (but only in cases where lack of driving experience has contributed to the commission of the offence),
and
- (f) The fact that the offender has also been seriously injured as a result of the accident caused by the dangerous driving”.
- From the above list of factors, the aggravating factors relating to the present offending would be: consumption of alcohol as the
accused was heavily intoxicated when he drove his car, excessive speed, and bad driving
- Applying these criteria to Summary of Facts, the factors aggravating to your offending was the greatly excessive speed in the circumstances
and you being an unlicensed driver at the time of the offending. It is noted that you were not intoxicated nor is there evidence
of a “prolonged, persistent and deliberate course of very bad driving” leading up to the accident.
- The mitigating factors are your prior good character, your genuine remorse and contrition, the ifoga, village fine imposed on you
and your guilty plea entered on the hearing date.
Discussion
- Prosecution sought a start point of 3 years imprisonment followed by an uplift of 2 years imprisonment for the aggravating factors
submitted by Prosecution being (a) grossly excessive speed; (b) the risk to safety of the public; (c) driving above the speed limit
when passing a Church; (d) committing other offences while committing this offending (ie driving whilst unlicensed); and (e) the
injuries caused to the deceased and his death. Factors (b), (c) and (e) are not factors expressly recognized in Gacitua v R and driving above the speed limit in front of a church is not an aggravating factor with which prosecution has referred this Court
to any authority.
- The approach to sentencing applied by prosecution in motor manslaughter cases was addressed by the Court of Appeal in Iosua v Attorney General [2014] WSCA 5 (2 May 2014) where the Court of Appeal stated:
- Different meanings can be attached to “starting point” for sentencing purposes. The way the Judge approached the matter was to have a high starting point which included all aggravating considerations. The other approach is to have a lower starting point to reflect the core nature of the offence and then to increase it for the aggravating
factors in the instant case. It does not matter which approach is taken so long as the end result is the same.
- One way of approaching the present case is to adopt a period of imprisonment as a starting point confined to the core offence of driving
a public transport vehicle full of passengers into a flooded river without adequate regard for their safety. We think that in the
particular circumstances of this case six years is an appropriate figure to adopt for that purpose. It cannot be pretended that this
is a matter of fine analysis. It is a robust assessment based on the analogies with which we were presented and our assessment of
the special responsibilities placed on those in control of a public transport vehicle.” (emphasis added)
- It is also the approach that appears to be set out in Archbold (Second Supplement to the 2013 Edition) referred to by Prosecution
in their Sentencing Submissions, a copy of which was not attached to prosecution submissions.
- In Police v Faatafa (supra), Sapolu CJ adopted the approach in Taueki v R [2005] NZCA 174; [2005] 3 NZLR 372. This was recently explained by the Court of Appeal in Tele'a v National Prosecution Office [2017] WSCA 4 (31 March 2017) as follows:
“27. Taueki was a signnt decision bion both for its methodology and for the guideline bands it provided. The methodology was usefully summarised
in Attorney General v Matalavea at [15] as follows:
In order to compare this case with others we adopt the now conventional approach of identifying a starting point for the conduct,
viewed objectively without reference to Mr Matalavea’s personal circumstances, before turning to those factors as well as others
relied on in mitigation.”
- Two approaches can therefore be adopted. That in Iosua v Attorney General (supra) or Taueki v R (supra). Which approach is adopted does not matter so long as the end result is the same.
- This case is quite different from Iosua in that this was not a public service vehicle driven into a particularly dangerous situation with a bus full of passengers. Of the
two approaches, I adopt the approach in Taueki also applied by Sapolu CJ in Police v Faatafa. For sentencing purposes therefore, I understand Prosecution to be seeking a 5 year start point for sentence.
- The difficulties in terms of manslaughter sentencing was recently recognized by the Court of Appeal in Iosua v Attorney General which stated:
“17. The maximum sentence for manslaughter is life imprisonment. It is notorious that the nature of manslaughter is so variable
that no clear guidelines can be adopted. Even for the starting point each case must be considered carefully. The focus lies on the
particular level of culpability displayed by the offender as well as its consequences...”
- The difficulty in sentencing for motor manslaughter was also recognised in Gacitua v R [2013] NZCA 234 (20 June 2013) where the Court of Appeal quoted from Lord Woolf CJ in Cooksley at paragraph 24:
“[24] ...The Chairman said:
27. ... This offence causes particular difficulty for sentencers. By definition, it is one which always gives rise to extremely serious
harm: the death of at least one victim (and in some cases serious injury to others). Understandably this often leads to calls from
victims’ families, and from the wider community, for tough sentencing. On the other hand, an offender sentenced for causing
death by dangerous driving did not intend to cause death or serious injury, even in the extreme case where he or she deliberately
drove for a prolonged period with no regard for the safety of others. ...”
- In considering sentence, I have referred to Gacitua v R and R v Skerrett CA236/86, 9 December 1986 and aggravating factors identified in those authorities. I have also considered Police v Faatafa (supra) where a start point of 5 ½ years imprisonment was adopted. That offending involved a much higher level of culpability
then in this case as it involved a combination of excessive speed, intoxication and bad driving leading to that offending. In Police v Tapaleao [2014] WSSC 38, a start point of 7 years was adopted in offending that involved a combination of heavy intoxication, bad and dangerous driving including
zig zagging, excessive speed and warnings, also with a higher degree of culpability.
- In considering sentence, I have also considered Police v Siaso [2014] WSSC 56 (14 October 2014) where the facts of that case are very similar to this case. That case involved an accident during the course of
an over-take striking and killing a pedestrian. That accused was driving at high speed, accelerated leading up to striking the pedestrian
and was drinking a beer whilst driving. Alcohol may have been a factor. The accused did not have a driver’s license and the
car did not have a warrant of fitness. The accused was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment on a charge of negligent driving causing
death, reduced from an earlier charge of motor manslaughter.
- In your case Malauulu, the Summary of Facts does not disclose ongoing dangerous driving. No alcohol was involved, often hand in hand
with speed and road deaths in this country. Your culpability rests on your speeding, possibly in wet conditions, at night at between
15mph – 25 mph above the speed limit. When considering the aggravating factors referred to in Skerrett and Gacitua, your offending is at the lower end of culpability of this type of offending.
- While it is at the lower end, a non-custodial sentence is inappropriate. In researching cases with similar factual circumstances to
yours, there appears to be no similar local authority except for Police v Siaso which was sentenced on the basis of negligent driving causing death. Similarly in New Zealand, many of the cases involving motor
manslaughter identified a number of aggravating factors often including excessively high speed, alcohol and or drugs, ignoring of
warnings and other combinations of aggravating factors.
- In your case, it was principally speed and the fact that you were at the time unlicensed. Even in this sense, the Summary of Facts
and the material before the Court does not suggest that you never had a license. If that was the case, it would be more aggravating.
- In this case, I consider a 3 year start point of imprisonment as appropriate. I deduct 3 months for your prior good character and
3 months for the ifoga presented to Lauli’i on behalf of the victim’s family that was accepted. I also deduct 2 months
for the village penalty imposed on you by your own village that has been paid. That leaves 2 years and 4 months. For your genuine
remorse, I deduct 2 months leaving 2 years and 2 months. For your guilty plea on withdrawal of the various duplicate and other charges,
I deduct 6 months leaving 1 year and 8 months. I note that a change of plea was indicated during call-over.
- It is also appropriate that you be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s licence pursuant to section 33 of the Road Traffic Ordinance 1960 (“RTO”). As a result of your driving, you have caused the death of the victim. You will be disqualified from holding
or obtaining a driver’s licence for a period of 4 years.
Result:
- Accordingly, the you are convicted and sentenced as follows:
- on the charge of manslaughter, you are convicted and sentenced to 1 year and 8 months imprisonment less any time remanded in custody;
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- unlicensed driving, convicted and discharged.
- Pursuant to section 33 of the RTO, you are disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver’s licence for a period of 4 years.
Pursuant to section 33A, I further order that your disqualification shall continue until such time as you have passed the prescribed
test of competence to drive any class or classes of vehicles that you may then seek to drive.
- As this Court also sits as a Coroners Court, I find that the deceased Su’a Atonio Feterika Filisi, 68 year old male of Lauli’i
died on Monday 10th April 2017 at the TTM Hospital, Motootua as a result of intracranial bleeding as a result of traumatic head injury from a motor vehicle
accident at Lauli’i.
JUSTICE CLARKE
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