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Attorney General v Sefo [2018] WSCA 16 (25 October 2018)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF SAMOA
Attorney General v Sefo [2018] WSCA 16
Case name: | Attorney General v Sefo |
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Citation: | |
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Decision date: | 25 October 2018 |
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Parties: | ATTORNEY GENERAL (Appellant) and NIKO SEFO (Respondent) |
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Hearing date(s): | 22 October 2018 |
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File number(s): | CA20/18 |
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Jurisdiction: | CRIMINAL |
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Place of delivery: | Court of Appeal of Samoa, Mulinuu |
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Judge(s): | Honourable Chief Justice Sapolu Honourable Justice Fisher Honourable Justice Harrison |
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On appeal from: | Supreme Court of Samoa, Mulinuu |
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Order: | The appeals against the order discharging Mr. Sefo without conviction and suppressing publication of his name are dismissed. |
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Representation: | L Sua-Mailo for the Appellant Sua H Wallwork for the Respondent |
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Catchwords: | Unlawful sexual connection with a person under 16 years of age – discharged without conviction – name suppression –
sex consensual – first offender – apology to victim’s family – acquittal – early guilty plea |
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Words and phrases: |
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Legislation cited: | |
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Cases cited: | Chang v Attorney-General [2018] WSCA3 |
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Summary of decision: |
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF SAMOA
HELD AT MULINUU
CA 20/18
BETWEEN:
ATTORNEY GENERAL
Appellant
A N D:
NIKO SEFO
Respondent
Coram: Honourable Chief Justice Sapolu
Honourable Justice Fisher
Honourable Justice Harrison
Hearing: Monday 22 October 2018
Counsel: L Sua-Mailo for the Appellant
Sua H Wallwork for the Respondent
Judgment: Thursday 25 October 2018
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
Introduction
- Niko Sefo pleaded guilty in the Supreme Court to two charges of sexual connection with AB a female under the age of 16 years. The
Attorney General appeals against Justice Vaai’s decision to discharge him without conviction.
- The Attorney General also appeals against the Judge’s order suppressing publication of Mr. Sefo’s name.
Facts
- Mr. Sefo was aged 20 years at the time of his offending. He is single and lives with his family on a planation at Falevao where he
is employed in a manual capacity. AB was aged just under 15 years. She lived with her family at Leulumoega Tuai.
- Mr. Sefo and AB met when they were both attending school in Apia. He was at the Latter Day Saints Self Reliance School and she was
at Maluafou College. They became boyfriend and girlfriend, but their relationship was not sexual.
- AB decided to leave her family and live with Mr. Sefo and his family. Mr. Sefo’s mother allowed AB to sleep with her for the
night but insisted that she return to her family. Mr. Sefo escorted her to catch the bus home the next day from Falevao to Leulumoega,
a long journey.
- One day in June 2018 AB returned unexpectedly to Falevao. AB resisted another request by Mr. Sefo’s family that she return
to her family. She wanted to live with Mr. Sefo as husband and wife. His family then relented, and actively supported their relationship.
One evening after her arrival Mr. Sefo and AB had consensual sexual intercourse, and again a few days later.
- AB’s family reported her disappearances to the police after she had been away for some days. She was quickly located through
Facebook posts.
- Mr. Sefo was described as an obedient and loyal young man. He was a first offender. He knew that AB was under the age of 16 years
but did not know that he was committing an offence by engaging in a sexual relationship with her. He was contrite and apologetic
when he learned that he has committed a crime. AB’s family has accepted his apology and forgiven him. Her mother wanted the
charges against Mr. Sefo withdrawn.
- The offence of unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman under 16 years of age carries a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment.[1]
- After hearing from Mr. Sefo and the prosecutor, the Judge exercised his discretion to discharge Mr. Sefo without conviction.[2] The Judge was satisfied that the direct or indirect consequences of a conviction for Mr. Sefo would be out of all proportion to the
gravity of his offending.
Jurisdiction
- We must determine a preliminary question about this Court’s jurisdiction to hear an appeal against a Judge’s decision
to discharge a defendant without conviction.
- The Attorney General appeals on the ground that the appeal is against a sentence passed.[3] However, a discharge without conviction is taken to be an acquittal.[4] The Attorney General’s right of appeal can only be exercised if an acquittal has followed a trial.[5] There was no trial here. Mr. Sefo pleaded guilty immediately when the charges were called in Court.
- However, we accept Ms. Sua-Mailo’s submissions that a discharge without conviction is deemed by statute to be a sentence. Section
10(2) of the Sentencing Act lists within “the hierarchy of sentences” a “discharge or order to come up for sentence if called on.” This
provision is not easily reconcilable with s.11(1) which recognises a situation where a discharge without conviction is the more appropriate
way of dealing with a defendant than “entering a conviction and imposing a sentence” or with s.69(2) which specifically
recites that a discharge without conviction is an acquittal. Both these latter provisions reflect the conceptual distinction between
an acquittal, on which the Court is not required to pronounce sentence, and a sentence, which necessarily imposes a sanction whether
in the nature of an order, direction or monetary penalty.
- Nevertheless, we are satisfied that for those purposes s.10 of the Sentencing Act operates to treat a judicial order discharging a defendant without conviction as a sentence. We have jurisdiction to hear the Attorney
General’s appeal as a result.
Decision
- As this Court has recently observed,[6] a Judge must exercise his or her statutory discretion to discharge without conviction by balancing the direct or indirect consequences
of a conviction to a defendant against the gravity of the offending. It is a judicial assessment of proportionality which in its
nature is inherently fact specific.
- Our starting point is with the gravity of Mr. Sefo’s offending. Parliament has recognised the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse
with a young woman as serious by providing a maximum sentence of 10 years’ imprisonment following conviction. We agree with
Ms. Sua-Mailo that the purpose of the offence provision is twofold. One is society’s recognition that a young woman under
16 years of age requires protection from herself. That is why liability is strict and her consent is not a defence. The other purpose
is to protect young women from predatory conduct by older males.
- However, while acknowledging Parliament’s recognition of the seriousness of the offence, we agree with the Judge that these
facts cast an exceptional and mitigating light on Mr. Sefo’s offending. AB was unhappy with her family and wanted to live
with Mr. Sefo as his wife. She must have experienced powerful bonds of affection for him. We assume the emotions were reciprocal.
Initially Mr. Sefo’s family attempted to send AB back to live with her family. But if not encouraged, the couple to live
as husband and wife. The family dynamic was uniquely supportive of the relationship. Ms. Su’a-Mailo accepts that AB was the
instigator. She fairly concedes also that Mr. Sefo’s offending was at the lower end of the scale of gravity.
- In addition to those factors, we repeat Mr. Sefo’s contrition at breaking the law, his deep sense of shame for his family and
village, AB’s family acceptance of his apologies, and her mother’s wish that Mr. Sefo be exempted from criminal punishment.
Ignorance of the law is no excuse when criminal liability is an issue but it is available as a mitigating factor on penalty. It
is plain that Mr. Sefo never meant to transgress the law or knew that he was committing a criminal act. The Judge’s sympathy
for him in these circumstances was not misplaced.
- Ms. Sua-Mailo suggested that the Judge’s approach to Mr. Sefo’s offending was unnecessarily subjective. She was referring
to his remarks in exchanges with the prosecutor during the sentencing process. While some of his observations were unfortunate,
the Judge later apologised and our focus must be on the decision itself and the reasons which the Judge gave briefly in open Court.
- The ultimate question is whether the consequences of a conviction to Mr. Sefo will be out of all proportion to offending which is
at the lower end if not the lowest end of the scale of gravity. The Judge relied on two grounds. He was satisfied that a conviction
may impede Mr. Sefo’s ability to travel overseas. He also considered Mr. Sefo’s automatic entry on the register of sexual
offenders would be unjust.
- On the first ground, we accept Ms. Sua-Mailo’s submission that there was a no evidence before the Judge that Mr. Sefo intended
to travel overseas. He is working at his father’s plantation in a manual capacity. However, we appreciate the force in Ms.
Wallwork’s observation from the bar that all Samoans, given their geographic isolation, want to travel overseas at some time
in their lives.
- On the second ground, we appreciate that Parliament has expressly listed the offence of sexual intercourse with a young woman under
the age of 16 years as a qualifying offence for entry on the sex offenders register. The statutory purpose is to require certain
sexual offenders to keep the police informed of their whereabouts in order to reduce the likelihood of reoffending and “to
facilitate investigation and prosecution” of any future offences which they commit. The overriding purpose is one of protection
against sexual offenders who are a real risk to the community.
- It can safely be said that Mr. Sefo does not warrant this degree of attention, and society does not require this level of protection
from him. We are satisfied that automatic entry of Mr. Sefo’s name on the register would be a severely disproportionate consequence
for Mr. Sefo of a conviction for his particular offending.
- The Attorney General also appeal against the Judge’s order suppressing publication of Mr. Sefo’s name. The Judge gave
weight to the fact that publication would lead to AB’s identification. Ms. Wallwork pointed out that AB had published the
existence of her relationship with Mr. Sefo on Facebook but not the details or reference to any sexual activity. The relationship
was known to a wide range of people who would immediately associate Mr. Sefo’s offending with AB. We agree with Ms. Wallwork
that publication of Mr. Sefo’s name in these circumstances would lead to AB’s identification as the victim of his sexual
offending.
Result:
- The appeals against the order discharging Mr. Sefo without conviction and suppressing publication of his name are dismissed.
HONOURABLE CHIEF JUSTICE SAPOLU
HONOURABLE JUSTICE ROBERT FISHER
HONOURABLE JUSTICE RHYS HARRISON
[1] Crimes Act 2013, s.59(1)(5).
[2] Sentencing Act 2016, ss. 69 & 70.
[3] Criminal Procedure Act 2016, s.177(1)
[4] Sentencing Act 2016, s.69(2)
[5] Criminal Procedure Act 2016, s.177(3)
[6] Chang v Attorney-General [2018] WSCA3 at [65]-[70]
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