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National Court of Papua New Guinea |
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
[IN THE NATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE]
WS NO. 753 OF 2016
BETWEEN:
GIDEON JESSY trading as G. JESSY HIRE CARS
Plaintiff
AND:
CONSTABLE VALI KAPPA, as a Police Officer attached with the Highway Patrol Six (6) based in Simbu Province
First Defendant
AND:
SENIOR CONSTABLE MOL SIBOA, as Commander of Highway Patrol Six (6) based in Simbu Province
Second Defendant
AND:
ALBERT BELI, as Provincial Police Commander of Simbu Province
Third Defendant
AND:
Garry Baki, as Police Commissioner
Fourth Defendant
AND:
THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Fifth Defendant
Lae: Dowa AJ
2020: 24th July & 28th October
DAMAGES – assessment of damages – trial – liability established through entry of default judgment – damage
caused to plaintiff’s vehicle negligently driven by first defendant as employer of the fifth defendant – fifth defendant
vicariously liable for negligent actions of the first defendant – damages assessed – interest and costs awarded to plaintiff
Cases Cited:
Albert v Aine (2019) N7772
Coecon Ltd (Receiver Manager) v The National Fisheries Authority of PNG
(2002) N2182
Evito Investments Ltd v Mischeq Wowongo & Menyamya District Authority (2020) N8485
Enaia Lanyat v State (1996) N1481
Graham Mappa v PNG Electricity Commission (1995) PNGLR 170
Jonathan Mangope Paraia v The State (1995) N1343
Komaip Trading v George Waugluo & The State (1995) PNGLR 165
Kekeral Farming v Queensland Insurance (1995) PNGLR 405
Obed Lalip v Fred Sekiot and The State (1996) N1457
PNGBC v Jeff Tole (2002) SC 694
Peter Wanis v Fred Sikiot and The State (2001) (N1350)
Samot v Yame (2020) N8266
Yooken Paklin v The State (2001) N2212
Counsel:
A. Chillion, for the Plaintiff
S. Maliaki, for the Defendant
RULING
28th October, 2020
1. DOWA AJ: This is a decision on the trial on assessment of damages. Default Judgment was entered on 24th June 2019.
2. Gideon Jessy is the owner of a Toyota Land Cruiser Reg. No. LBM 759. He alleges he was carrying on the business of Hire Cars trading under the business name G. Jessy Hire Cars.
3. On 17th October 2015, the Plaintiff’s vehicle driven by one Yandi Pape in the company of Jessy Kaia travelling from the direction of Kundiawa towards Goroka along the Highlands highway. At a check point near Chuave market, Simbu Province, the Plaintiff’s vehicle was impounded by police for being driven without due registration.
4. The vehicle was taken off the driver and was then driven by the First Defendant, at the direction of the Second Defendant to Chuave Police Station. On the way towards the Police Station, the vehicle went off the road and caused an accident. It is alleged the accident was caused by negligent driving of the First Defendant to which the Fifth Defendant is vicariously liable.
5. As a result of the accident the plaintiff’s vehicle sustained damage, the basis of the current proceedings. The Plaintiff instituted these proceedings, claiming various heads of damages in the statement of claim as follows:
6. On 24th June 2019, default judgment was entered for the Plaintiff, in damages to be assessed.
Issues
7. The issues for the consideration are:
a) What is the effect of default judgment.
b) How much is the Plaintiff entitled to under each head of damages.
Effect of Default Judgment
Fourthly, the law on the effect of the entry of default judgment is clear. In Coecon Limited (Receiver/Manager Appointed) v. The National Fisheries Authority of Papua New Guinea (2002) N2182, I summarised the principles that govern an assessment of damages after the entry of default judgement in the following terms:
“A survey of the authorities on assessment of damages after entry of judgement on liability mainly in default of a defendant’s defence, clearly show the following:
“Turning back to the issue raised above as to the role of the trial judge after entry of default judgment, we consider the following to be the correct approach:
the trial judge should make a cursory inquiry so as to be satisfied that the facts and the cause of action are pleaded with sufficient clarity;
if it is reasonably clear what the facts and cause of action are, liability should be regarded as proven;
only if the facts or the cause of action pleaded do not make sense or would make an assessment of damages a futile exercise should the judge inquire further and revisit the issue of liability.”
Burden of Proof
13. In Samot v Yame (Supra), His Honour, David J referring to legal principles to be applied in assessing damages said this at paragraph 46 of his judgment:
“The Supreme Court in William Mel v Coleman Pakalia (2005) SC790 and the National Court decision of Cannings, J in Steven Naki v AGC (Pacific) Ltd (2006) N5015 summarise or identify a number of legal principles that are applicable in assessing damages where liability is established either following a trial or after the entry of default judgment and these are:
14. I will adopt and apply these principles in the present case when considering each head of damages sought by the Plaintiff.
Evidence
15. The Plaintiff, Gideon Jessy and two witnesses, Yandi Pape and Jessy Kaia gave evidence for the Plaintiff. For the defence, First Constable Vali Kapa and Senior Constable Mol Siboa gave evidence by Affidavit and also orally. All the witnesses were cross-examined at length by respective counsel. I will refer to their evidence in the course of my judgment.
Gideon Jessy
16. The Plaintiff gave evidence that he is the proprietor of Motor Vehicle, Toyota land cruiser 10-seater, registration No. LBM 759. He purchased the vehicle from Kaiyoge Hire Cars for K85,000 on 24th September 2015. He purchased the vehicle to run a hire car business. He gave evidence he registered a business name known as G. Jessy Hire Cars for the hire car business.
Kaia Jessy
Yandi Papi
Mol Siboa
Constable Yali Kapa
Reasons for Decision
Damages for value of motor vehicle
26. The Plaintiff gave evidence that the vehicle was a write off and was beyond economic repairs. It would cost up to K248, 852.66 for repairs. Therefore, the vehicle could not be repaired.
27. However, the evidence presented showed the vehicle was subsequently registered and was up and running again sometime later after the accident. In response to further questioning, the Plaintiff said he rebuilt the vehicle again. The repairs cost him about K60,000.00. He was unable to produce the receipts for the repairs. After considering the evidence and studying the demeanour of the witnesses I accept the evidence of the defence witnesses that the vehicle was not damaged beyond economic repairs. I also find the vehicle was not new as claimed by the Plaintiff. However, I do find the vehicle did sustain some serious damage as it went off the road and plunged into a ditch and landed side-ways.
28. How much should the court award. The Plaintiff claimed initially in the writ of summons a sum of K 150,000.00. In answer to a question in cross examination, the Plaintiff said the vehicle was new, almost one year old. This is inconsistent with other evidence of the Plaintiff. In paragraph 6 of his Affidavit sworn 16th November 2019 the Plaintiff deposed he purchased the vehicle from Kaiyoge Vehicle Hire in cash on “as is where is basis” for K85,000.00. The Plaintiff did not provide any receipt for the payment. He did not produce any bank statement or account details showing cash withdrawals for the payment. The evidence is clear. The vehicle is a used vehicle. The vehicle was not yet registered in his name at the time of accident. From the Plaintiff’s own evidence, he says, he fixed the vehicle for up to K60,000.00. However, there is no receipts for the repair cost. The Plaintiff did not even produce any evidence of the pre-accident value of the vehicle. This makes it all the more difficult to arrive at a reasonable figure.
29. Counsel for the Plaintiff submitted that a fair amount would be between K40,000.00 – K60,000.00 for the damage claim. On the other hand, the defence submitted there should be no award made. The defence submitted that the Plaintiff has not provided credible evidence, and the claim should be dismissed entirely.
30. Whilst the Plaintiff has not provided sufficient proof of his claim, there is some evidence that the Plaintiff is the registered owner of the vehicle. There is evidence from all witnesses that the vehicle had an accident and sustained damage as a direct result of the negligent driving of the first defendant. The extent of damage has been disputed and the amount for cost of repairs is not clear, because of lack of evidence.
31. The fact that damages cannot be assessed with certainty should not relieve the defendants of the necessity of paying damages. I am prepared to consider an amount that is reasonable in the circumstances. I do not intend to leave the Plaintiff without a remedy. The minimum amount submitted for the Plaintiff is K40,000.00. That amount is too high in the light of lack of evidence. To suggest a figure around K 10,000.00 would be too low given that the vehicle rolled over sideways into the drain. In my view a sum of K30,000.00 is reasonable.
32. I will make a further deduction of the award for contributory negligence. Whilst the parties have not addressed this issue, the court can on its own volition make a deduction on the proven facts. The vehicle was unregistered and un-insured at the time of accident. The Plaintiff’s vehicle should not have been on the public road in the first place. That is the reason why the vehicle was impounded by the Police. I will therefore deduct 20% on the amount of damages and award K24,000.00.
Economic Loss
33. The Plaintiff makes claim for K205,600 for economic loss. The Plaintiff submits that the vehicle was used for hire at a daily rate of K800. The Plaintiff attached some previous invoices he issued to prospective clients. I am not satisfied that the evidence is genuine. For example, one invoice was issued to CIS Barawaghi for K27,380 on 30th August 2015 for the month of August 2015. The evidence shows the vehicle at that time was not registered or owned by the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff purchased the vehicle on 24th September 2015. Secondly, the business name G. Jessey Hire Cars was not registered at the time of accident. The business name was only registered 12th November 2015. The invoice was issued before he purchased the vehicle. This evidence, in my view, is fabricated. The second invoice was issued to Huon Gulf District Administration to commence from 1st September to 30th September 2015. Again, the Plaintiff was not the owner of the vehicle at that time. In my view this is also a fabrication.
34. Secondly, the Plaintiff has not proved he is tax and statutory compliant in order to make a claim for business loss. There is a string of cases in this jurisdiction that have stressed that a claim for loss of income has to be supported by proper tax and accounting details. I refer to a number of National Court Judgments where I was involved as counsel in some of them. Graham Mappa v PNG Electricity Commission (1995) PNGLR 170, Komaip Trading v George Waugluo & The State and Kekeral Farming v Queensland Insurance (1995) PNGLR 405. In the recent case of Evito Investments Limited v Mischeq Wowongo & Menyamya District Authority (2020) N8485, I said this at paragraph 12 of my judgment.
“....I note, the Plaintiff did not provide any evidence of tax compliance. The evidence of tax compliance would normally come from Internal Revenue Commission by the production of a statement on tax status. This would indicate whether a person is up to date with his tax obligations. The mere production of GST and TIN registration documents does not in itself prove tax compliance. This is particularly important where invoices include GST components. In the present case I would, nevertheless, make no deductions on the taxed invoices as the defendants have not filed any defence to legally raise the issue. Secondly, these invoices were issued for services actually rendered and consumed, so to speak, by the defendants as opposed to future economic loss.”
35. In the present case, the Plaintiff has not produced evidence of bank and business account details. He has not produced evidence on tax and statutory compliance details. In the absence of these details I reject his claim for economic loss.
Out of pocket expenses
36. The Plaintiff claims K11,000.00 being out of pocket expenses which comprise of K8,650.00 for towing expenses and K3,000 for fuel and food. The Plaintiff produced an invoice from Maita Yawi Hire Car which was hired for towing the vehicle back to Lae. As I have found, I am not convinced that the vehicle was towed back to Lae. Even if the vehicle was towed back to Lae, it would not have taken 6 days. I also note that the invoice contains arithmetical errors. The hire was for 6 days at the daily rate of K850.00. This would amount to K5,100.00, and not K7,650.00. I note there is no receipt for the payment. This invoice is not established with credible evidence. However, I note there is evidence of the Plaintiff making a trip to the Simbu Province on 18th October 2015 with policemen. I am prepared to allow for four (4) days hire at K850.00 per day totalling K3,400. I will make an award for that sum.
36. The Plaintiff is claiming K3,000.00 for fuel and food. He has attached several invoices to his affidavit. I note there is an invoice of K320.00 for accommodation. I will allow the sum of K320.00.
37. In respect of fuel, I note the Plaintiff has attached 4 invoices for identical sums of K430.00 totalling K1,720.00 for the same vehicle. There is no explanation for the four different invoices. In my view, this is unreasonable. I will allow 50% only. I make an award of K860.00 for fuel.
General damages for Hardship
39. The Plaintiff claims damages for pain, suffering, hardship and anxiety. Counsel for the Plaintiff submits for a sum of K10,000.00 as a reasonable sum. In my view, the Plaintiff has not proved any suffering apart from the damage to the vehicle, the subject of these proceedings. The Plaintiff has been granted part of the substantive claim and is therefore not entitled to any award in this head of damages. Secondly, it was the Plaintiff who allowed his vehicle which was not registered to be driven on the public road. He has brought it upon himself the inconvenience that was caused to him. For these reasons, no award shall be made under this head.
Interest
41. The Plaintiff is claiming interest. I will allow interest at the rate of 8% on the amount assessed. Interest is to commence from date of writ of summons, (11/06/2016) to date of judgment (28th October 2020) for a period of 1599 days. Interest is calculated as follows:
K28,580 x 8/100 = K 2,286.40
K 2,286.40/365 days = K 6.26 per day
K6.26 x 1599 days = K 9,977.76
Costs
Vicarious Liability
44. I note the actions of the First and Second Defendants which gave rise to the cause of action was done in the normal course of their official duties. I will therefore order that the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, the Fifth Defendant is vicariously liable and shall settle the Judgment Debt.
Orders
______________________________________________________________
Chillion Lawyers: Lawyer for the Plaintiff
Solicitor General: Lawyer for the Defendant
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