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Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia |
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA
SUPREME COURT TRIAL DIVISION (Pon.)
Cite as Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194 (Pon. 1987)
ALBERT FALCAM,
Plaintiff,
v.
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA,
Defendant.
CIVIL ACTION NO. 1986-105
OPINION
Before Edward C. King
Chief Justice
FSM Supreme Court
September 14, 1987
APPEARANCES:
For the Plaintiff:
Fredrick L. Ramp
P.O. Box 1480
Pohnpei, FSM 96941
For the Defendants:
Jack Warndof
Attorney General
Federated States of Micronesia
Pohnpei, FSM 96941
* * * *
HEADNOTES
Contracts
In determining whether the terms of a contract should be enforced, the court will consider the parties' justified expectations, any
forfeiture that would result if enforcement were denied, and any special public interest in the enforcement of the particular term.
Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 197-98 (Pon. 1987).
Public Service Employment
When an individual begins working for a federal government agency, he is justified in believing that he will be allowed to hold that
position until terminated by a supervisor and in believing that he will be compensated for his work. Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 198 (Pon. 1987).
Constitutional law - due process;
Public Service Employment
An expectation of being paid for work already performed is a property interest qualifying for protection under the due process clause
of the FSM Constitution. Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 200 (Pon. 1987).
Constitutional law - due process;
Public Service Employment
An expectation of continued government employment, subject only to removal by a supervisor, is a property interest qualifying for
protection under the due process clause of the FSM Constitution. Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 200 (Pon. 1987).
Constitutional law - due process
The due process clause prevents governmental authorities from depriving an individual of property interests, without first according
an opportunity to be heard as to whether the proposed deprivation is permissible. Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 200 (Pon. 1987).
Constitutional law - due process
Only in extraordinary circumstances, where immediate action is essential to protect crucially important public interests, may private
property be seized without a hearing. Falcam v FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 200 (Pon. 1987).
Constitutional law - due process;
Public Employment
Any withholding of private property, such as a government employee's paycheck, without a hearing can be justified only so long as
it take the authorized payor to obtain a judicial determination as to the legality of the payment being withheld. Falcam v. FSM,
[1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 200 (Pon. 1987).
Separation of powers
Even where the analysis set forth is sound, an attorney general's opinion is not a judicial decision and cannot, therefore, serve
as an adjudication of the rights of the parties. Falcam v. FSM, [1987] FMSC 17; 3 FSM Intrm. 194, 201 (Pon. 1987).
* * * *
COURT'S OPINION
EDWARD C. KING, Chief Justice:
This case arises out of the hiring of plaintiff Albert Falcam as postmaster of Pohnpei by his uncle, who was then postmaster general of the Federated States of Micronesia. A previous ruling in this case held that the hiring violated 11 F.S.M.C. 1305, which prevents a government official from participating in any governmental decision which will redound to the economic benefit of a close relative. Falcam v. FSM Postal Service, [1987] FMSC 13; 3 FSM Intrm. 112 (Pon. 1987). That opinion also held that the original illegal hiring decision could not be relied upon as a basis for permitting Albert Falcam to retain the postmaster position in the future. Id.
The remaining issue, now before the Court, is whether Albert Falcam is entitled to be compensated for work performed by him from September 1, 1986 until mid-May 1987.[1] I conclude that he is so entitled.
I. Background
The agreed facts then known to the Court are set out in the earlier opinion. [1987] FMSC 13; 3 FSM Intrm. 112, 113-14. On August 17 an additional hearing was held during which Albert Falcam and former postal inspector, now acting postmaster general, James Miller testified. Based upon the testimony during that hearing, the following additional findings of fact are now made.
First, Albert Falcam was acting in good faith when he resigned his employment with the Peace Corps, and accepted the Pohnpei postmaster position. On two separate occasions, before he accepted the position, he asked Mr. Miller and Postmaster General Leo Falcam whether the familial relationship between Albert and Leo Falcam would create any difficulty. Mr.
Miller responded that no problem would arise since the decision would be based upon the merits of the applicants without regard to family relationships. Similarly, Leo Falcam assured him that the postmaster general had full power to hire whatever person he thought to be best suited for the job. Albert Falcam reasonably relied on those assurances.
Second, Albert Falcam has at all times displayed an excellent attitude and has done good work. Mr. Miller testified that Mr. Falcam has been an enthusiastic state postmaster. He has frequently arrived at work early and remained late. Moreover, audits conducted by FSM postal inspectors at the request of Mr. Miller reveal that the Pohnpei post office has operated smoothly under Albert Falcam's direction.
Third, the FSM department of finance has at all times refused to issue salary checks for Mr. Falcam. By mid-September 1986, Albert Falcam had become aware of this. At that time he know there was a controversy and that various national government officials believed his hiring to have been in violation of 11 F.S.M.C. 1305. By October 8, 1986 he knew of the written opinion of Carl V. Ullman, FSM attorney general at that time, holding the hiring to have been in violation of that law.
Fourth, neither the postmaster general nor any other person affiliated with the national government has taken direct action to prevent Albert Falcam from continuing work and carrying out responsibilities as Pohnpei postmaster. No person has ever told him that he must stop working in the capacity of postmaster.
Fifth, no prior notice was given to Albert Falcam and no hearing of any kind was provided, either before or after the refusal of the department of finance to make salary payments to him, to determine the propriety or legality of that refusal.
II. Legal Analysis
The factors enumerated in § 178(3) of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts and identified in the earlier opinion as militating against Albert Falcam's continuing claim to the position of Pohnpei postmaster, 3 FSM Intrm. 122, are of equal force against his claim for compensation.
However, the countervailing § 178(2) factors weigh much more heavily for Mr. Falcam's compensation claim than for his other claim, rejected in the earlier opinion, that he was entitled to retain the position pursuant to appointment by his uncle.
These factors, set out in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 178(2), are as follows:
(2) In weighing the interest in the enforcement of a term, account is taken of
(a) the parties' justified expectations,
(b) any forfeiture that would result if enforcement were denied, and
(c) any special public interest in the enforcement of the particular term.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 178(2). The factors call for separate analysis.
A. Justified expectations
Plainly, at the time Mr. Falcam gave up his job with the Peace Corps and began work with the postal service, he was justified in believing that he would hold the postmaster position until terminated by a supervisor within the postal service and that he would be compensated for his work in that capacity. He had received specific assurances that his relationship with Mr. Falcam would have no effect. Moreover, although the postmaster position is exempt from the public service system, 39 F.S.M.C. 106, and therefore outside the responsibilities of the FSM office of personnel, the personnel office had also reviewed his application and certified that he was qualified to hold the Pohnpei postmaster position.
Subsequently, questions were raised by executive branch officials. Nevertheless, Mr. Falcam's superiors at the postal service continued to insist upon his right to remain as postmaster. This fact has particular significance because the postal service is an "independent agency," not part of the executive branch. 39 F.S.M.C. 102. Yet, it is also worth noting that even the executive branch officials did not tell Mr. Falcam that he should stop working as postmaster.
Thus the only actions calculated to shake Mr. Falcam's belief that he had been hired legitimately to serve as postmaster, and his expectation that he would be compensated for his work in that capacity, were the refusal of the department of finance to pay his salary and the attorney general's issuance of an opinion holding his hiring to be illegal.
1. Finance withholding - The government contends that the secretary of finance had statutory authority to withhold salary payments under the Financial Management Act of 1979.[2]
Mr. Falcam aptly points Out there are substantial issues as to the extent of the secretary's authority under 55 F.S.M.C. 201(5) to refuse to pay obligations created by allottees under 55 F.S.M.C. 214, especially where, as here, the obligation at issue relates to operations of an agency such as the postal service, which is not part of the executive branch. 39 F.S.M.C. 102. See also 39 F.S.M.C. §§ 104(1) and (3).
The already difficult issues of statutory interpretation are multiplied in this case by the manner in which the refusal to pay occurred. There has been no showing that the secretary himself exercised his own discretion in deciding to withhold. No specific order signed by the secretary has been presented. Nor has the Court been advised of any statement of reasons, issued concurrently with the refusal to pay, explaining why withholding was "necessary" within the meaning of the Act.[3]
Further, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the secretary of finance perceived the need to reconcile his power to withhold under 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1) with his obligation under 55 F.S.M.C. 221(3) to disburse obligated funds within 30 days Of their becoming payable.[4] The secretary continued to withhold beyond the thirty day period and failed to take any affirmative action to obtain judicial affirmation of his theory that the salary payments would have been illegal.
We need not here parse the language of 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1). Whatever authority may properly be exercised by the secretary under that provision, it is clear that the actions of the secretary in this case contravened constitutional due process requirements.
The executive branch officials involved here seem to have overlooked the fact that the conflict about the hiring affected interests in addition to those of the department of finance and the postal service. Individual
property rights of Albert Falcam were also at issue.
Albert Falcam had been hired by the postal service pursuant to normal personnel procedures.[5] He began work at the beginning of September and by mid-September had a sound basis for expecting to be paid. This expectation was a property interest qualifying for protection under the due process clause of the Constitution.[6]
In addition, he had received assurances from supervisory persons within the postal service of a right to continued government employment, subject only to removal by the postmaster. This expectation of continued employment also qualifies for due process protections. Suldan v. FSM (II), [1983] FMSC 14; 1 FSM Intrm. 339, 352 (Pon. 1983).
Yet, the secretary's immutable refusal to make salary payments, coupled with the secretary's failure to seek a judicial determination, reveal that the secretary intended to use his withholding power not only to deny Albert Falcam's claim for compensation already earned, but also to force Mr. Falcam to abandon the postmaster position, terminating his employment.
The due process clause prevents governmental authorities from depriving an individual of such property interests, without first according an opportunity to be heard as to whether the proposed deprivation is permissible. Etpison v. Perman, [1984] FMSC 3; 1 FSM Intrm. 405, 423 (Pon. 1984). only in extraordinary circumstances, where immediate action is essential to protect crucially important public interests, may private property be seized without a prior hearing. Ishizawa v. Pohnpei, 2 FSM Intrm. 67, 76 n.9 (Pon. 1985). The secretary rarely, if ever, would have authority under 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1) to withhold salary payments without a prior hearing. In any event, any withholding of private property without a hearing can be justified only so long as it takes the secretary to file a lawsuit to obtain a judicial determination as to legality of the payment being withheld.
Here, Albert Falcam received no prior notice from governmental authorities that consideration was being given to withholding his salary payment. No hearing was provided for him either before or after the seizure. The secretary made no move to obtain judicial approval of his seizure of the funds. Albert Falcam himself was finally forced to initiate this litigation to obtain a hearing and judicial determination as to the validity Of his claim for compensation.
The actions of the secretary of finance were therefore in violation of the due process rights of Albert Falcam. This Court will not regard such unlawful governmental actions as a factor in favor of the government's position.
2. Attorney General Opinion - The October 8, 1986 opinion of the attorney general does not alter the legal effect of anything said here. While in retrospect the analysis set forth in the opinion is sound, it was not a judicial decision, and could not serve as an adjudication of the rights of the parties.
The opinion did not attempt to order the postmaster general to terminate Albert Falcam. Since the postal service is not part of the executive branch, it is doubtful that such an order could have been enforced. Moreover, the opinion did not say that Albert Falcam was or must be terminated as postmaster and did not discuss his compensation rights. The opinion was merely legal analysis offered to the postmaster general and legal advice to be acted upon by the secretary of finance. Unfortunately, the actions taken by the secretary of finance, presumably based upon guidance from the office of the attorney general, were not in conformity with constitutional requirements.
Applying the § 178(2)(a) justified expectations test to these facts, I find that: (1) Mr. Falcam had a substantial and justified expectation of compensation when he began work; and (2) his expectation justifiably continued even after the secretary withheld his salary payments and after the attorney general issued his opinion on October 8, 1986.
Looking at the other side of the scale, neither the postal service nor the national government could justifiably have expected that Mr. Falcam was to carry out the duties of postmaster of Pohnpei for some eight months without being compensated. By failing to take steps to prevent Mr. Falcam from continuing to perform those duties, the government effectively acquiesced in his expectations.
B. Forfeiture if enforcement denied
Of course, Mr. Falcam forfeited his Peace Corps job at the very outset in expectation that he would serve as Pohnpei postmaster. Thereafter, he devoted some eight months of full time work to the position. All of that would be forfeited if compensation is now denied him.
There is apparently no dispute whatever that the postal service received
excellent performance of the duties for which Mr. Falcam now seeks compensation. In short, the postal service and the people of the Federated States of Micronesia would forfeit nothing if Mr. Falcam is compensated as originally agreed.
C. Public interest
The Congress has determined that there is a public interest in preventing government officials from hiring their close relations to public positions. There plainly is, then, a substantial public interest in preventing Albert Falcam from realizing compensation as a result of the enforcement of 11 F.S.M.C. 1305.
On the other hand, there is an even stronger public interest in preventing government officials from repeating the pattern of conduct reflected in this case. Mr. Falcam was deprived of compensation without a hearing. Moreover, by refusing to pay his salary, the secretary of finance was trying to terminate Mr. Falcam's employment. These actions were calculated to deprive Albert Falcam of his claims to compensation and employment without due process.
Executive branch officials undoubtedly had laudable motives in acting as they did. The secretary of finance believed, understandably and correctly, that the hiring of Albert Falcam was illegal. After withholding was initiated, that belief was supported by a written opinion of the attorney general. This quite naturally led to the conclusion that Albert Falcam should not be paid. Thus, the secretary of finance, guided by the attorney general, was simply attempting to enforce the law and to prevent misuse of public funds.
They could have accomplished this goal by promptly filing a lawsuit seeking a judicial determination, arrived at in accordance with due process. Subsequent events have shown that this would have resulted in a ruling that the hiring was illegal. Albert Falcam would have been prevented from continuing to work and from increasing his claim for compensation.
However, the secretary and the attorney general did not file a lawsuit. Instead, they apparently viewed the withholding decision, arrived at without a hearing of any kind, as final rather than as an interim decision designed to provide an opportunity to obtain a judicial determination. In attempting to enforce one law, they violated constitutional rights of a citizen. Such violations must not be allowed in the name of law enforcement.
The people of the Federated States of Micronesia have drafted, adopted and ratified a constitution calling for substantial protection of their individual and human rights. We may not acquiesce in the erosion of these fundamental rights through tolerance of zealous and well-intentioned, but improper, actions of law enforcement officers. The integrity of the governmental powers
[1987] FMYSC 1; [3 FSM Intrm. 203]
entrusted to this Court, to law enforcement officers, and to other governmental officials, by the people of the Federated States of Micronesia demands that we must, above all, adhere to the Constitution and laws which are the sole source of our authority.
FSM v. Tipen, 1 FSM Intrm. 79, 95 (Pon. 1982).
III. Conclusion
All of the tests set forth in section 178(2) of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, which this Court adopts as suitable for application in Micronesia, weigh in favor of Mr. Falcam's compensation claim. It is therefore held that he is entitled to be paid at the rate payable for the position of postmaster of Pohnpei, for all his uncompensated work from the time of hiring until the date of this Court's previous ruling.
* * * *
[1] The parties have advised the Court that after tho former postmaster general resigned his position to become a member of the Congress
of the Federated States of Micronesia, Albert Falcam was reappointed to the postmaster position. There is no contention that either
11 F.S.M.C. 1305, or this Court's earlier opinion, bars that May 1987 hiring decision.
[2] The government relies upon 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1), which says: "(1) The Secretary of Finance of the Federated States of Micronesia shall
be the general accountant of the General Fund of the Federated States of Micronesia. He shall record and audit, or cause to be recorded
and audited, every receipt and disbursement of money paid to, by, or through the National Treasury of the Federated States of Micronesia.
He shall have full and complete supervision of all funds of the Federated States of Micronesia, including the power to withhold his approval when necessary to prevent misappropriation of public funds as well as the disbursement
of public moneys in excess of specific appropriations." (Emphasis added).
[3] Withholding presumably is permitted and "necessary" only long enough for the secretary to obtain a judicial determination as to the
validity of the proposed payment.
[4] Nothing in the applicable legislative history nor the Financial Management Act itself reveals any intent by Congress that the last
sentence of 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1) should override other provisions within the Act, or provisions of other statutes such as the National
Postal Service System Act, which provides that the postmaster general, not the secretary of finance, will supervise the operations
of the postal service. 39 F.S.M.C. 104(1). The provision codified as 55 F.S.M.C. 205(1) was not in the original proposed bill. Drawn
from the Trust Territory Code, 77 TTC 503 (1980), the language was inserted, without explanation or comment, by the Committee on
Ways and Means. SCREP NO. 1-88, J. of 1st Cong., 1st Spec. Sess. 111 (1979). There was no discussion on the floor of the Congress
concerning the import of the provision.
[5] In oral argument the government tentatively suggested that finance's refusal to make salary payments was justified because of a lack
of proper documentation to support the payments. That is without foundation. The government concedes that finance originally received
the notice of Mr. Falcam's personnel action. Subsequent retrieval of that notice by the office of personnel was without legal effect.
It is doubtful that the office of personnel can affect compensation rights of any employee simply by retrieving from finance a previously
delivered notice of personnel action. In any events the office of personnel is surely without power to affect the compensation rights
of an independent agency's employee who is specifically exempted from the provisions of the National Public Service System Act.
[6] "A person may not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law." FSM Const. art. IV, § 3.
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