RESERVED JUDGMENT
Introduction
- and trespass and temp lary loss of use of land because of interference by way of encrent and tred trespass.
Background
- Land Lease Title 11/OD33/032(hereinafter fter called 032) and Land Lease Title 11/OD33/020(hereafter called 020)are adjacent properties located in the EcoleColardeau area of Port Vila. They were bothregistered on 14 December 1994 in the names
of Mr. Gilbert Mermer and Mr. CharlotSalwai respectively.
- Prior to the registration of land lease titles032 and 020the two properties were Government quarters. There was no survey planand the properties were separated by hibiscus hedges.
- In1993, the Vanuatu Government decided to survey the land area for the purpose of subdivision and sale of the Government quarters.The Government’s
surveyors at that time were called the Service Topographique (Sce Topo).The survey plans, which were approved by the Department of
Lands,show that the two servants’ quarters are located within lease 032 which is Mrs. Mermer’s lease.
- In 1999, Mr. Salwai built a concrete wall on his property along the boundary which was in existence before the survey was carried out.
- Thereafter, the Department of Lands received complaints from the Claimant about the First Defendant carrying out developments which
encroached onto her lease.
- On 12 December 2001, theMermers engaged the services of a private surveyor company (Survey Development and Land Services).They carried out the second
survey and put pegs on the land and Mr. Salwaiwas advised by Mr. LebuKalterekiathat he had encroached 7 metersonto Mermer’s land.
- On 4 August 2011, the Department of Lands wrote a letter to Mr. Salwaiinforming him that he was carrying out developments which had encroached onto
his neighbour’s lease title.
- On 17 February 2012, the then Minister of Lands, Mr. Steven Kalsakau, wrote to Mr. Peter Tata (the Acting Director of Lands) instructinghim to rectify
the survey plans of lease 032 and lease 020.
The Claim
- Mr. Gilbert Mermer died on 3 September 2012 and Administration of the estate of the deceased was granted to Mrs. Elizabeth Mermer.
On 12 November 2013, Mrs. Mermer commenced proceedings in Civil Case No. 258 of 2013 seeking damage trespassspass against Mr. Salwai.
On 9 December 2015, Mr. Salwai also commenced proceedings in Civil Case No. 945 of 2015 seeking rectific of leases 032 and 020.
On 31 Mar1 March 2016, the two cases were consolidated by direction of the Court.
The Evidence
- Mrs. Mermer’sevidence was essentially contained in the following documents which she confirmed as her Sworn Statements in her
examination-in-chief and which were admitted in evidence as follows:
Exhibit “C 1” – Sworn Statement dated 30 August 2013 with annexures “EM1” - “EM6”
Exhibit “C 2”– Sworn Statement dated 28 July 2014 with a Valuation Report prepared for lease 032 byRichardTeter Dick of Vanuatu Property Appraisals;
Exhibit “C3” – Sworn Statement dated 4 May 2016.
- Mr. Salwairelied on his Sworn Statement in support of Defence in Civil Case No. 258 of 2013 filed on 17 December 2014 and his Sworn Statement in support of Supreme Court
Claim in Civil Case No. 945 of 2015filed on 20 April 2016.These were tendered and admitted as Exhibit D1(1) and Exhibit D1(2).
- The Sworn Statement of Mr. Jean–Marc Pierre dated 25 September 2014 was admitted in evidence as Exhibit D2(1)for the Second Defendant.
The Issues
- The pivotal issues posed for the Court’s determination are:
- (a) Whether the First Defendant in Civil Case No. 258 of 2013 has encroached onto the Claimant’s land?
- (b) Whether the Claimant is entitled to damages against the First Defendant for trespass?
- (c) Whether there was an error in the survey plans of leases 032 and 020 which caused the registration to be obtained by mistake?
Discussion and Decision
- It seems clear that prior to the registration of land lease titles 032 and 020 there was no survey plan and the two properties were Government quarters separated by hibiscus hedges.As a result of the survey in
1993, and subsequent subdivision, leases 032 and 020 were created as follows:
- Lease 032 (Mermer’s) – Land area is 16a 76ca
Consideration value of VT1,353,040
- Lease 020 (Salwai’s) – Land area is 17a 42 ca
Consideration value of VT1,321,540
- The survey plans which were approved by the Department of Lands show that the two servants’ quarters are located within lease
032 which is Mermer’s lease.
- The Claimant confirmed that she is entitled to the two servants’ quarters which are on her property. She agreed that there was
no lease title before 1994 and that the properties were separated by hibiscus hedges. Mrs. Mermer said it was from the survey plan
that she and her husband first noticed the encroachment. She denied counsel’s suggestion that the survey should follow the
hibiscus hedges and that the 7 meters formed part of the First Defendant’s land.
- For his part, the First Defendant contends that when he bought the property it was based on the understanding that he was buying it
with one servant’s quarters because all the Government quarters are entitled to one servant’s quarters. He confirmed
that when the survey was carried out at the Colardeau area in 1993 he was living in the Government quarter which is now covered by
lease 020 as a Government employee and not as the registered proprietor.
- The crux of Mr. Salwai’s contention can be gleaned from paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11of his sworn statement in support of
Defence i.e. Exhibit D1(1).
“6. The physical nature of these properties before titles have been created and registered was that [each] properties were entitled
to servant quarters and Mr. Gilbert Mermer acknowledged that the two servants’ quarters one belongs to the Claimant and
the other belongs to him.
7. The result of this common understanding is that Mr. Gilbert Mermer allowed me to construct the fence separating the two properties.
8. The fence was created even after the leases have been registered in our names.
9. I also confirm another erroring relation to my other neighbor Minister Alfred Carlot [whose] fence encroaches three meters
into my properties.
10. It was this common understanding of the error affecting these properties and people living along the boundaries of the properties
[which] used to be boundaries before the leases were registered.
11. On or about 17 February 2012, the then Minister of Lands directed the government authorities concerned to rectify the error.
Annexed hereto and marked “CS1” is a true copy of the letter from the Minister.”
- Suffice to say that I have perused the aforementioned letter dated 17 February 2012. It was written by the then Minister of Lands,
Mr. Steven Kalsakau, to Mr. Peter Tata (the Acting Director of Lands) instructing him to rectify the survey plans of lease 032 and lease 020 in the following terms:
“Therefore as Minister responsible for Lands & Survey I have decided to intervene in rectifying this matter by giving
the following instructions:-
- 1) That lessees continue to respect and enjoy their rights and privileges associated with assets fixed within their respective boundaries
as physically confined or marked by their fence line made during the colonial era [which] by common sense. I expect all of us to
continue to respect and adhere to the same practices of identifying and having responsibilities over properties unless other arrangements
can be reached either between parties or as may be directed by any court of Law.
- 2) That in my capacity as Minister of Lands and Natural Resources, I hereby give instruction that you proceed with the rectification
of the survey plans for titles 11/OD33/020basically to enlarging its square meters where property investments of Mr. Charlot SALWAI are located and consequently reduce square
meters for residential title 11/OD33/032 limiting its area only on where the lessee’s properties cover.
Given these explanations and instructions on this matter, I would appreciate your prompt attention and action to facilitate the necessary
adjustments accordingly”
- I shall comment on this letter later on in this judgment but for now I intend to deal with the First Defendant’s sworn statement
as detailed in paragraph 19above.
- That sworn statementwith respect is crucial and it reinforces the Amended Defence filed on 28th January, 2015. Paragraph 4 therein
refers to an error in surveying the boundaries
of the propertiesand this averment is further developed in paragraphs 11 to 14 as follows:
“11. Without admitting any allegations made therein the First Defendant further states that:
(a). the second Defendant agreed before the sale of the two properties that the one property is entitled to have a servants quarters;
(b). The Second Defendant prior to the sale of the two properties through their then Housing Officer walked the boundary and agreed that the two properties have to each have a servant’s quarters;
(c) The value of the properties were made in accordance with how big and or small the properties were at the time of sale and that is to
say the boundaries follow the [all]hedges and one servant quarters for each properties;
(d). The Council of Ministers agreed for the properties to be sold including the servant quarters along the hedges as demarcated before the survey plans have been drawn;
- The Second Defendant failed to ensure that the survey plans follow the decision of the Council of Ministers.
- The Claimant at the time of registration of his lease never developed the disputed area to be able to claim compensation for the overlap.
- Therefore the First Defendant humbly claim that the boundaries of the two properties shall be made to ensure that the two properties
each have servant quarters.”
- Of equal significance is the fact that a similar contention is put forward by Mr. Salwai in his sworn statement in support of his
Claim inCivil Case No. 945 of 2015filed on 20 April 2016 i.e. Exhibit D1(2). At paragraphs 22 to 24 he assertsas follows:
"22. I had undertaken a lot of developments way before the registration of the 020 until now I continue to develop the property
including the servant quarters.
PARTICULARS OF DEVELOPMENTS
(a) Renovating the servants' quarter as seen in annexure;
(b) Clearing the area;
(c) Ensuring hedges and flowers on the boundary are clean;
(d) Building a thatch bush kitchen (building 2) which [a] annexure "CS3";
(e) There is another building which is building 3 and is annexure "CS4";
23. The first defendant never occupy the seven (7) meter encroachment into the 020 because of the common understanding and agreement
by the Claimant, first defendant and second defendant for the claimant and first defendant [sic] occupy and develop properties
according to the boundaries before registration.
24. Land lease title 020 and 032 were prepared, endorsed and registered by the Second Defendant and the process was done by
reason of mistake.
PARTICULARS OF MISTAKE
(i) The second defendant through the Minster of Lands has mistaken belief that he was signing the leases on land we agreed to with
the Second Defendant (Government);
(ii) The second defendant through the Minister of Lands has mistaken belief that he was signing the leases with correct
survey plans without errors."
- The First Defendant gave evidence. He said that leases 032 and 020 were registered by mistake as there was an error in the survey plans. He said thatthere was a Council of Ministers’ (“COM”)
decision which said that each plot should be entitled to one servant’s quarters. He contended that the survey department did
not follow the COM decision. Mr. Salwai maintained that he believed one of the servant’s quarters was his and that he started
developing it since 1996 and that the developments are ongoing. He said the block fence at the back was constructed in 1999 before
the second survey was done in 2001. He agreed that new pegs were put around the properties but he contended that the existing pegs
on the land did not tally with the survey plan. He went on to say that the survey which was carried out affects all landowners in
that Colardeau area and that his neighboursMr. Alfred Carlot and Mr. Felix Laumae are also affected.
- During cross-examination, the First Defendant was questioned about the existence of the COM decision as alleged and he was asked why
he did not adduce it in his evidence. He responded that he does not know whether or not there is a COM decision to that effect because
he was only working as the Secretary of the COM at that time. No proof or record of such decision by COM was tendered by the First
Defendant. Nonetheless, he strenuously contended that there is an error in the survey plans which should be amended by the Second
Defendant to ensure that each of the two properties has one servant’s quarters.
- Mr. Jean Marc-Pierre (JMP) gave evidence from matters within his own knowledge as Director of Lands and from the records of the Department
of Lands. These documents were tendered and admitted in evidence as annexures JMP1 and JMP2 to Exhibit D2 (1). JMPstated that annexures JMP1 and JMP2 contain survey plans for leases 032 and 020.
He said the leases did not overlap and that there is no error in the survey plans which necessitated rectificationby the Director
pursuant to s.11 of the Land Leases Act.
- JMP confirmed that the survey done by Sce Topo for the Colardeau area did not follow the old demarcation of hibiscus hedges which
separated the Government’s quarters before the survey. He said the survey was carried out in a holistic mannerwhere a straight
line was ruled from one end of the boundary to the other end to ensure that properties which were on sale in the area had equal dimensions.
JMP also confirmed that
his department took a holistic approach in surveying leases 032 and 020 to ensure the leases have equal square meters of land areaas reflected by the value consideration of the two leases as shown in the
lease documents themselves.The witness agreed that SceTopo has the power to enter onto the land pursuant to s.20 of the Land Surveyor Act [Cap 175]for the purpose of any survey and may affix and set up trigonometrical stations, survey marks, beacons, poles, stones or blocksto indicate the land boundaries. He confirmed that this was done in respect of leases 032 and 020 and that both the Claimant and the First Defendant have knowledge of their boundaries.
- JMP agreed with defence counsel’s suggestion that the First Defendant was interfering with the Claimant’s lease.In answer
to questions put to JMP during re-examination, he confirmed that if the survey had followed the old demarcation it would have been
difficult for the survey plan to form a straight line from point A to point B to ensure that the plots have roughly equal square
meters of land area. He further confirmed that he does not think there is an error in the survey plans and he went on to explain
that an error exists where a lease overlaps with another lease. He said that there was no overlapping of leases 032 and 020 and that there was no mistake.
- In his written submissions, counsel for the Second Defendant submitted that the First Defendant had knowledge of the boundaries of
lease 020 as indicated by the survey plan which was approved in 1993, butthat in 1999 he deliberately carried out developmentsby building a
concrete wall which encroached by some 7 meters onto the Claimant’s lease032. It is further submittedthat the First Defendant did so by following the hibiscus boundary which was in existence before the survey
was carried out.Furthermore, that the Second Defendant through the Department of Lands did inform the First Defendant about the fact
that there was no error in the survey plans and that his development was encroaching onto the Claimant’s lease and he was further
advised to respect the Claimant’s right as the proprietor of lease 032.
- However, the First Defendant refuted this and he strenuously contendedthat the late Mr. Gilbert Mermerhad acknowledged to him that
one of the two servants’ quarters belongs to him.The First Defendantwent on to state as follows:
“The result of this common understanding is that Mr. Gilbert Mermer allowed me to construct the fence separating the two properties.”
- I must say the First Defendant’s assertions seem far-fetched and contrary to the evidence adduced by the Claimant and the Second
Defendant. For instance, I find the tenor of Mr. Gilbert Mermer’s letters to Mr. Salwaiuncompromising and firm as can be gleaned
from the letter annexed to Exhibit C1. It is obvious that Mr. Mermer did not only notifyMr. Salwai about the findings of Mr. LebuKalterekia from the Survey Development
and Land Services, but he went on to give Mr. Salwai an ultimatum in the following terms:
“Hon. TABIMASMAS CharlotSalwai
Colardeau Area
PORT VILA
Dear Hon. TABIMASMAS,
Re: Letter blong Survey and Land Development Services dated; 12/12/2001
Miraetfolem letter iaantap [copy attach] we I kamtru long yufala long 12 December 2001 finis mokamkasemtedei I stapmekem 9 year
1/2 we mi no risivim any ansamo I mekam se mi no save karemaot any development.
Wetemhonamorispek mi stapaskemblongyufala I rimuvumfanis I ko back folemwanem we survey I staptalemaotmo mi stapkivim 30 days blongyumi toktok or mi tekem wan immediate action.(Underlining mine)
Thankyou long understanding mo cooperation blongyufala.”
- Having heard the evidence and seen the documents which were produced, I have no reason to doubt that an encroachment has d occurred
on the boundboundary bordering lease 032 and 020. I am equally satisfied that the First Defendant was carrying out developments which encroached into the Claimant7;s ltitle by 7 met7 metres.I am not unsympathetic with the First Defendant but I can find no equity which justifies the Courtestraining the Claimant frot from
exercising her legal right which I consider paramount and indefeasible.
- I shall now proceed to deal withCivil Case No. 945 of 2015 in which Mr. Salwai, as Claimant, seeks rectification of leases 032 and 020 on the basis of error in the survey plans.Basically, the Claimant’s contention is that the leases were obtained by mistake
for the sole reason thatthe Director of Lands would not have registered the lease had he known that the boundaries were demarcated
in such a way that only one property is entitled to the two servants’ quarters.
- It is perhaps timely to look at the relevant statutory provisions which deal with rectification. These are sections 11, 99 and 100 of theLand Leases Act Cap.163 and they provide as follows:
“11. Correction of land survey plans
If it appears to the Director that there is any error in a survey plan he may, after taking such steps as he thinks fit to bring
to the notice of any person shown by the register to be interested his intention so to do and giving every such person an opportunity
to be heard, require the Director of Land Surveys to correct the error:
Provided that the Director may without such notice, require the Director of Land Surveys to correct the survey plan whenever such
correction does not materially affect the interest of any person.
99. Rectification by the[Director
(1) Subject to section 100(2), if it appears to the Director that any register does not truly declare the actual interest to which
any person is entitled under this Act or is in some respect erroneous or imperfect, the Director after taking such steps as he thinks
fit to bring to the notice of any person shown by the register to be interested his intention so to do, and giving every such person
an opportunity to be heard, may as from such date as he thinks fit, rectify the register:
Provided that it shall not be necessary for the Director to take steps to bring the rectification to the notice of any person shown
by the register to be interested nor to give any such person an opportunity to be heard in formal matters and in the case of errors
and omissions not materially affecting the interests of any person.
(2) Upon the written application of any proprietor accompanied by such evidence as the Director may require, the change of name or
address of that proprietor shall be recorded in the register.
(3) The Director shall rectify the register to give effect to an order of rectification of the register made by the Court.
100. Rectification by the Court
(1) Subject to subsection (2) the Court may order rectification of the register by directing that any registration be cancelled or
amended where it is so empowered by this Act or where it is satisfied that any registration has been obtained, made or omitted by
fraud or mistake.
(2) The register shall not be rectified so as to affect the title of a proprietor who is in possession and acquired the interest for
valuable consideration, unless such proprietor had knowledge of the omission, fraud or mistake in consequence of which the rectification
is sought, or caused such omission, fraud or mistake or substantially contributed to it by his act, neglect or default.”
- To bolster the Claimant’s case for rectification, his counsel has referred me to the case of Naflak Teufi Limited v Kalsakau,Civil Appeal Case No. 7 of 2004, in which the Court of appeal remarked as follows:
“In our view, the meaning of section 100 of the Land Leases Act CAP163 is not in doubt. We are satisfied that the object of the section is to ensure that the land register and the processes leading
up to the registration of any instrument or interest is free of any mistakes, fraud or possible fraudulent activities. In other words,
its purpose is to secure the integrity of the register and the internal processes culminating in registration. The section, in its
terms, is one which empowers the Supreme Court where it is satisfied that any registration has been obtained, made, or omitted by
fraud or mistake, to order rectification of the register by directing that any registration may be cancelled or amended. We note
without comment, the disjunctive nature of the rectification power.
We endorse what was said by this Court in Civil Appeal Case. 25 of 2004, [2005] VUCA 5, Jone Roqara &Ors v Noel Takau&Ors about section 100: -
"For a party seeking rectification under s. 100 of the Land Leases Act, it is not sufficient to prove that a mistake occurred in the course of a transaction which ultimately concluded in registration
of the interest which is sought to have removed from the register. In terms of s. 100, the Court must be satisfied that the "registration
has been obtained, made or omitted by fraud or mistake".The section imposes a causal requirement. The mistake must lead to the impugned
registration being made. The onus is on the party seeking rectification not only to establish a mistake, but also to satisfy the
Court that it caused the registration to occur."
- I endorse the pronouncement of the Court of Appeal that the onus is on the party seeking rectification not only to establish a mistake,
but also to satisfy the Court that it caused the registration to occur. In my considered view, the Claimant has failed to discharge
this onus of not only establishing a mistake but also of satisfying the Court that the mistake caused the registration of leases
032 and 020 to occur in December 1994.
- The Claimant further submits that there are irregularities and breaches of the law in the process leading to the registration of the
lease and as such the Court must intervene to invoke section 100 of the Land Leases Act.I reject this further contention on the part
of the Claimant because it was clear to the Director at the time of registration that lease 032 comprised the two servants’ quarters. I accept the straightforward evidence of JMP that there is no error in the survey plans
which could warrant the rectification of the leases.What the evidence clearly demonstrates is that before the survey, the old demarcation
with hibiscus hedges separated the two boys’ quarters with one on either side of the two properties. However, after the survey
was done in 1993, the survey plans which were approved by the Department of Lands show that the two boys’ quarters are located
on lease 032 which is Mermer’s lease.I find JMP’s evidence credible and reliable and I believe him.I also accept counsel's submissions
that the Minister has no power to request the Director to rectify the survey plans of lease 032 and lease 020 as any rectification by the Director or the Court can only be made pursuant to sections 11, 99 and 100 of theLand Leases Act Cap.163.
- I must say it is rather unfortunate for the Claimant to have taken such a blinkered approach to the whole issue of the encroachment.
Perhaps this was groundedon the misguided notion that the Minister’s instructions to the Director of Lands to rectify the two
leases shouldbe complied with. In effect, the instructions basically meant that the Director was to proceed with the rectification
of the survey plan for title11/OD33/020 by enlarging the square meters of Mr. CharlotSalwai’s property and consequently reducing the square meters for title 11/OD33/032and limiting theland area of the Mermer’s property. To my mind, I fail to see how such a ministerial directive could have clothed
the Direof Lands with power to r to rectify the leases in the face of concrete documentary evidence that there is no error in the
two survey plans. Regrettably, this was a misconception and it is obvihat the Minister failed to d to appreciate that an increase
in the land area for lease 020 and a decrease in land size for lease 032 would have affected their consideration values of VT1, 321,540 and VT1, 353,040 respectively.
- In the final analysis, upon considering all the evidence adduced as well as the written and oral submissions by counsel, I have reached
the conclusion that there is no error of overlapping in respect of leases 032 and 020 and I am satisfied that there is no mistake in the survey plansin consequence of which the rectification is sought.
- I find that the First Defendant in Civil Case No. 258 of 2013 has encroached onto the Claimant’s land by 7 meters and trespassed thereupon.I am therefore satisfied that the Claimant is entitled to damages against the First Defendant. With regard
toCivil Case No. 945 of 2015,I find that the Claimant is not entitled to the rectification being sought as he has failed not only to establish a mistake, but
also to satisfy the Court that it caused the registration to occur on 14 December 1994.
In the circumstances, O are mare made according fols follows:
(a) I enter judgment for the Claimant in Civil Case No. f 2013 13 limited to liability for encroachment. The Claimant is entitled to costs against the First Defendant to be taxedot agreed.
(b) The Claimant’s claim in Civil No. 945 of 2015<2015<2015is hereby dismissed. The First and Second Defendants are entitled to costs to be taxed if not agreed.
As regards assessment of damagesth July 2014 and prepared by Mr. Richard Dick. His opinionis that the Market Value of the encroached land is in the sum of VT 3, 000,000.
However, in the interest of justice, there would be an assessment of damages hearingon Tuesday 11thOctober, 2016 at 10.00 AM at Dumbea between the Claimant and the First Defendant only.
Any relevant material on which the Claimant seeks to rely for proof of damages for encroachment is to be filed within 14 days with
the First Defendant having a further 14 days to file any relevant material in answer.
DATED at Port Vila, this 9th day of Sept, 2016.
<
BY THE COURT
M. M. SEY
Judge
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