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Lavemai v Kingdom of Tonga (Director of Civil Aviation) [2022] TOSC 83; CV 67 of 2021 (5 September 2022)

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TONGA
CIVIL JURISDICTIONNUKU’ALOFA REGISTRY


CV 67 of 2021


BETWEEN:

NORMA LAVEMAI Plaintiff


-and-


KINGDOM OF TONGA (Director of Civil Aviation) Defendant


Costs


RULING


BEFORE: LORD CHIEF JUSTICE WHITTEN QC


To: Mrs D. Stephenson KC for the Plaintiff
The Attorney General for the Defendant


Judgment: 9 August 2022


Costs ruling: 5 September 2022


  1. On 9 August 2022, I gave judgment for the Plaintiff in the substantive proceeding and ordered that the Plaintiff is entitled to her costs.
  2. In closing submissions at the trial, counsel for the Plaintiff sought an order for indemnity costs on the following grounds, in summary:
  3. The Defendant opposes the Plaintiff’s application for indemnity costs for the following reasons, in summary:
  4. In reply, counsel for the Plaintiff submitted, in summary:
  5. The principles applicable to special costs orders were discussed in Jurangpathy v Tonga Communications Corporation [2020] TOSC 2. In relation to costs on an indemnity basis, it was observed that:
[67] Courts in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand have long accepted the general principle that the usual award of party/party costs to the successful party should be made unless 'there is some special or unusual feature in the case to justify the court exercising its discretion in that way'.[5]
[68] It is not possible to define the exact circumstances in which indemnity costs might be ordered. The categories for the award of indemnity costs are not rigid. It is a matter, in each case, of the judge exercising his discretion on the facts before him.[6]
[69] The question must always be whether the particular facts and circumstances of the case in question warrant the making of an order for payment of costs other than on a party/party basis. However, the existence of particular facts and circumstances capable of warranting the making of an order for payment of costs, for instance, on the indemnity basis, does not mean that judges are necessarily obliged to exercise their discretion to make such an order. Subject to the discussion on the jurisdiction of this Court above, costs are usually always in the discretion of the trial judge. Provided that discretion is exercised having regard to the applicable principles and the particular circumstances of the instant case, its exercise will not be found to have miscarried unless it appears that the order which has been made involves a manifest error or injustice: Free Serbian Orthodox Church Diocese for Australia and New Zealand Property Trust v Bishop Irinej Dobrijevic (No 3) [2017] NSWCA 109.
[70] Examples of conduct for which indemnity costs have been ordered include:
(a) where a party to litigation acts in a way that could be described as disgraceful or deserving of moral condemnation;[7]
(b) where a party has acted unreasonably in connection with the litigation in breach of the direction of the court;[8]
(c) where the losing party has engaged in unmeritorious, or deliberate or high-handed or other improper conduct such as to warrant the court showing its disapproval and at the same time preventing the successful party being left out-of-pocket;[9]
(d) where a party appealed and did not make out any ground of appeal and should have known that an appeal was hopeless;[10]
(e) whenever it appears that an action had been commenced or continued in circumstances where the Plaintiff, properly advised, should have known that he had no chance of success. In such cases, which are fortunately rare, the action must be presumed to have been commenced or continued for some ulterior motive, or because of some wilful disregard of the known facts or the clearly established law;[11]
(f) misconduct in the litigation may be grounds for awarding costs on a more generous basis than standard. As a rule, it is the conduct of the party as litigant, not conduct prior to the commencement of the litigation that is relevant.[12] However, there may be circumstances justifying departure from the ordinary rule;[13]
(g) the making of an allegation, known to be false or irrelevant, that the opposite party is guilty of fraud;[14]
(h) conduct which causes loss of time to the court and to other parties;[15]
(i) conduct which amounts to a contempt of court;[16]
(j) the failure until after the commencement of the trial, and without explanation, to discover documents, the timely discovery of which, would have considerably shortened, and very possibly avoided, the trial;[17]
(k) an imprudent refusal of an offer of compromise – where a party who has rejected an offer ultimately fails to achieve a better outcome than provided for in the offer may lead to a presumptive entitlement to indemnity costs with respect to the period subsequent to the offer. It is necessary for the party seeking indemnity costs to demonstrate that the other party’s refusal of the offer was unreasonable;[18]
(l) where a late substantial amendment was sought during trial which could lead to the adjournment of the trial;[19]
(m) conduct in the litigation amounting to an abuse of process;[20]
(n) on strike out applications, where a Plaintiff with an arguably good cause of action persistently fails to properly plead the case;[21] and
(o) where a Plaintiff persists in prosecuting a proceeding without regard to the evidentiary difficulties in the case.[22]

  1. In my view, and for the purposes of this issue, the Defendant’s conduct of its case falls within categories (e), (f), (h) and (j).
  2. Firstly, the Defendant’s conduct in relation to the periods during which settlement negotiations were supposed to take place was unsatisfactory. The Defendant’s submissions in relation to the further information obtained on 12 January 2022 did not describe the nature of that information or how any factual matters could have influenced the proper interpretation of s 57 which was at the heart of the proceeding. I suspect from the evidence that was adduced that the further information related to the Plaintiff allegedly taking documents with her, which was ventilated peripherally in the evidence but went nowhere at trial. Otherwise, the failure by the Defendant and its counsel to communicate to the Plaintiff and her counsel during the said period as to the true state of affairs, namely, that the Defendant was not going to pursue settlement, was inconsistent with the expectations of a model litigant.[23] It also unnecessarily prolonged the proceeding.
  3. Secondly, and consistent with the reasons expressed in the primary judgment, on the central question of whether s 57 applied, I consider that, properly advised, the Defendant should have known that it’s defence had no chance of success. On a plain reading of the provision, there was no question that it applied to the Plaintiff as a ‘person’. That TAL was the certificate holder had no bearing on the interpretation of s 57. The distinction between TAL and the Plaintiff was made abundantly clear by s 55. The Director had been earlier advised by the Attorney General Office of the importance of observing the requirements of s 57. The Director did not seek advice before issuing his decision. The defence as pleaded had all the hallmarks of a technical after thought designed by the Defendant’s legal team, on instructions no doubt, to justify the blindingly obvious failure by the Director to follow the requirements of s 57.
  4. Thirdly, the fact that Mr Tohi purportedly assessed the Plaintiff in accordance with s 56 was damning to the Defendant’s defence in relation to s 57. There was no other reason for resorting to s 56 other than for the purposes of an adverse decision under s 57. By that fact alone, the Defendant’s defence had no chance of success.
  5. Fourthly, had the SPA Summary been discovered, as and when required, it is likely that the defence denying the applicability of s 57 would have been struck out, either in whole or in part. There has been no satisfactory explanation for the failure to discover the document in accordance with the Defendant’s obligations and, moreover, as a model litigant. This appears to be yet another example where a lawyer has left to the client the task of identifying documents in the client’s possession which may be relevant to an issue in the proceeding. That task should be undertaken by the lawyer reviewing all the client’s documents relating to the subject matter of the litigation (here, all dealings with TAL and the Plaintiff in the months leading up the 1 September decision and beyond). Further, during the course of preparing Mr Tohi’s brief of evidence, it ought to have been abundantly clear, had proper instructions been taken, that his involvement in the Plaintiff’s assessment as a FPP was critical to the process adopted and basis upon which the Director reached his decision. Proper enquiries by the Defendant’s counsel team of Mr Tohi’s involvement would inevitably have led to him referring to the Summary and the document being unearthed.
  6. For those reasons, I am satisfied that the Plaintiff should not be left out of pocket for her legal expenses in having to pursue her claim in this proceeding.
  7. Therefore, I order that the Defendant pay the Plaintiff’s costs of the proceeding, on an indemnity basis, to be taxed in default of agreement.



NUKU’ALOFA
M. H. Whitten QC
5 September 2022
LORD CHIEF JUSTICE


[1] Kacific Broadband Satellites International Ltd v Registrar of Companies [2021] TOSC 93 at [112], citing Hausia v Fatongiatau [2002] TOCA 11 at [13].
[2] Nelipa v Robertson and Commonwealth of Australia [2009] ATSC 16 at [97].
[3] Free Serbian Orthodox Church Diocese for Australia and New Zealand Property Trust v Bishop Irinej Dobrijevic (No 3) [2017] NSWCA 109
[4] The obvious example being the reiteration of the claim that the revocation letter brought TAL “outside the Tonga aviation system”.
[5] Bellamy's Australia Limited v Basil (No 2) [2019] FCAFC 169 citing Colgate-Palmolive v Cussons [1993] FCA 536; (1993) 46 FCR 225, Australian Transport Insurance Pty Ltd v Graeme Phillips Road Transport Insurance Pty Ltd [1986] FCA 85; (1986) 71 ALR 287 at 288, Trade Practices Commission v Nicholas Enterprises (1979) 28 ALR 201 at 207 and Preston v Preston (1982) 1 All ER 41 at 58. See also Slater v Blomfield [2019] NZCA 664.
[6] Munkenbeck and Marshall v McAlpine 44 Con. L.R. 30, CA. Australian Transport Insurance Pty Ltd v Graeme Phillips Road Transport Insurance Pty Ltd [1986] FCA 85; (1986) 10 FCR 177 at 178; [1986] FCA 85; 71 ALR 287 at 288; Colgate Palmolive Co v Cussons Pty Ltd [1993] FCA 536; (1993) 46 FCR 225; 118 ALR 248; Bass Coast Shire Council v King [1997] 2 VR 5 at 29.
[7] Wailes v Stapleton Construction & Commercial Services Ltd [1997] 2 Lloyds' Rep. 112; Glyne Investments Ltd v Hill Samuel Life Assurance Ltd, UK June 17, 1997, unreported, Moses J.
[8] Baron v Lovell, The Times, September 14, 1999, CA. referred to in the White Book, 2001 [44.4.2]. See also R.T. Group Ltd v Belbes [2015] TOSC 52 at [17], where Scott J held that awards of indemnity costs are rather unusual and are generally awarded only in cases of contumelious default.
[9] Australian Guarantee Corp Ltd v De Jager [1984] VicRp 40; [1984] VR 483 at 502; Re Smith; Ex parte Rundle (No 2) (1991) 6 WAR 299; New South Wales Medical Defence Union Ltd v Crawford (1993) 11 ACSR 406 at 428 (NSWSC).
[10] Sunland Waterfront (BVI) Ltd v Prudential Investments Pty Ltd [2013] VSCA 265.
[11] Fountain Selected Meats (Sales) Pty Ltd v Int Produce Merchants Pty Ltd (1988) 81 ALR 397 at 401; Colgate-Palmolive v Cussons [1993] FCA 536; (1993) 46 FCR 225; DS Clarke Nominees Pty Ltd v Adder Holdings Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 277. See also Slater v Blomfield [2019] NZCA 664 applying Bradbury v Westpac Banking Corp [2009] NZCA 234; [2009] 3 NZLR 400 at [29] which adopted Goddard J’s approach to indemnity costs in Hedley v Kiwi Co-operative Dairies Ltd (2002) 16 PRNZ 694 (HC) at [11] who adopted the categories of Sheppard J in Colgate-Palmolive Co v Cussons Pty Ltd, supra. See also Niu J in ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Koto [2019] TOSC 51 at [15].
[12] NMFM Property Pty Ltd v Citibank Ltd (No 2) (2001) 187 ALR 654.
[13] Ali v Hartley Poynton Pty Ltd (No 3) [2002] VSC 292; Velissaris v Fitzgerald [2008] VSCA 152 at [20]; Sitzler Savage Pty Ltd v Northern Mining Holdings Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 104; Slater v Blomfield, supra.
[14] Forester v Read [1870] UKLawRpCh 114; (1870) 6 LR Ch App 40; Christie v Christie (1873) 8 LR Ch App 99; Degman Pty Ltd (in liq) v. Wright (No. 2) (1983) 2 NSWLR 354; Andrews v Barnes [1888] UKLawRpCh 112; (1988) 39 Ch D 133; Ugly Tribe Co Pty Ltd v Sikola [2001] VSC 189 at [7]; cf Harrison v Schipp; Cameron v Schipp [2001] NSWCA 13; Hypec Electronics Pty Ltd (in liq) v Mead [2004] NSWSC 731; (2004) 61 NSWLR 169 at [45]–[46] ; Moyes v J & L Developments Pty Ltd (No 3) [2007] SASC 268; Slater v Blomfield, supra.
[15] Ugly Tribe Co Pty Ltd v Sikola; DS Clarke Nominees Pty Ltd v Adder Holdings Pty Ltd, supra. See also Ford J in Salvation Army (Tonga) Trust v Nau [2001] Tonga LR 66 referring to Harley v McDonald [2002] UKPC 40; [2002] 1 NZLR 1 (PC) at [67].
[16] Ugly Tribe Co Pty Ltd v Sikola; DS Clarke Nominees Pty Ltd v Adder Holdings Pty Ltd, supra.
[17] Ugly Tribe Co Pty Ltd v Sikola, supra.
[18] Bellamy's Australia Limited v Basil (No 2) [2019] FCAFC 169 referring to Fountain Selected Meats (Sales) Pty Ltd v Int Produce Merchants Pty Ltd, supra, Colgate-Palmolive v Cussons, supra and DS Clarke Nominees Pty Ltd v Adder Holdings Pty Ltd, supra;
[19] Mineralogy Pty Ltd v Sino Iron Pty Ltd (No 4) [2015] FCA 570.
[20] Re Wilcox; Ex parte Venture Industries Pty Ltd (1996) 141 ALR 727; Bollag v A-G (Cth) [1997] FCA 1146; (1997) 149 ALR 355 at 376. See also Shuster J in Vaitu'ulala v 'Iongi [2010] TOSC 18.
[21] Sammy Russo Stores Pty Ltd v Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (1998) ATPR 41-641; Liberty Financial Pty Ltd v Scott [2005] VSC 472.
[22] Yates Property Corporation Pty Ltd v Boland (No 2) (1997) 147 ALR 685.
[23] Hausia v Fatongiatau [2002] TOCA 11; Fusitu'a v Minister of Public Enterprises [2016] TOSC 9; Kacific Broadband Satellites International Ltd v Registrar of Companies [2021] TOSC 93.


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