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Taulafo for Letters of Adoption, In re [2021] TOSC 102; FA 1 of 2019 (10 June 2021)
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TONGA
FAMILY JURISDICTION
NUKU’ALOFA REGISTRY
FA 1 of 2019
IN THE MATTER OF The Maintenance of Illegitimate Children Act Cap 30
AND
IN THE MATTER OF an application by Tisiola Paea Taulafo and ‘Ofa He Lotu Taulafo for Letters of Adoption
AND
IN THE MATTER OF Mele Latai Meiha’amoa, a female child, born on 11 June 2009
RULING
BEFORE ACTING JUSTICE LORD TUPOU
Counsel for Guardian Ad Litem Report
dated 27 April 2021 : Ms Rose Kautoke
Counsel for Guardian Ad Litem Submission
dated 14 May 2021 : Ms Leotrina Macomber
Counsel appeared for Hearing
on 20 May 2021 : Ms Joyce Sikalu
Date of Ruling : 10 June 2021
- The Applicants are applying for Letters of Adoption of the female child who was born illegitimate on 1st June 2009.
- The female Applicant is the natural mother of the child. The male applicant is not the child’s biological father.
- The Applicants married on 15 January 2013 and together they have raised the child since that date. They have no biological issue of
their own.
- The question is whether the natural mother can adopt or be part of the adoption of her child. This question has been answered differently
in 4 Supreme Court decisions, two saying that the natural mother can be part of the adoption of her child with another person, and
two saying she cannot. I will refer to these decisions later.
- The Adoption of illegitimate children is covered by the Maintenance of Illegitimate Children Act Section 16 (1) give the right to any person to apply to the Supreme Court to adopt an illegitimate person Section 15 (1), however,
state
- (1) “An illegitimate child under the age of 21 years may, with the CONSENT of the mother be adopted by “ANOTHER PERSON”.
- In FA 65/2011 Application by Mr & Mrs J for the adoption of an illegitimate child of Mrs J Chief Justice Scott ruled (24 August
2012) that;
[6] once the mother of an illegitimate child marries a man who is not the father of the child, her status changes. She is no longer
a femme sole who under the provisions of the section 4 of the Guardianship Act 2004 is the sole guardian of the child. Now that she is a married woman the child has in fact become part of a new family. In these circumstances
the adoption is not simply by “another person” but by “the mother and step father jointly”
Scott CJ granted Letters of Adoption. At [7] of his ruling he said;
As I see it, there is everything to be said to be in favour of this type of application which should be encouraged. In my view it
cannot have been the legislatures intention to prevent such obviously beneficial arrangements”
- In FA 112 of 2018, Application by Mr and Mrs T for Letters of Adoption, the applicants were the natural parents of the children who
were all born whilst the applicants were living together as man and wife but unmarried. The applicants married in 2015 shortly after
the male applicant divorced his previous wife. The applicants’ marriage does not however serve to legitimate the children because
of the effect of section 3(2) of the Legitimacy Act.
- LCJ Paulsen referred to the decision by LCJ Scott above and said –
“(11) The Chief Justice did not explain why, as matter of interpretation he accepted the argument advanced by Counsel as to
the meaning of the words “another person” in section 15 (1)
Rather, it appears that he took a pragmatic approach consistent with his stated view that the granting of Letters of Adoption was
in that case, “an obviously beneficial arrangement”
(12) This case is of a different type as there is no intention to create a new family unit. The applicants have together raised the
subject child from birth. It cannot be said that the granting of Letters of Adoption is necessary to provide the children with love,
care, protection and security within a new family by environment”
(19) This application is not consistent with the purposes for which the power to grant Letters of Adoption is conferred on the Court”
(20) The application for Letters of Adoption in respect of the three children is refused.
- It can be taken from this that the decision to refuse was based on the fact not only that there was no new family unit or benefits
for the children but it was unnecessary and legally unsound.
- In FA 123 of 2020, an application by Mr and Mrs H for Letters of Adoption in respect of the child. The child was 17 years old and
the natural mother of the child is the female applicant.
- The child was born illegitimate. The male applicant is not the child’s biological father. The applicants married approximately
a year after the birth of the child. They have also since had five children of their own.
- In that case;
“LCJ Whitten stated [10], the purpose of the application is not explained save that in their joint affidavit, the applicants
describe their intention as being to make the child “feel inclusive” of their family.
- LCJ Whitten goes on to say:
[12] “With respect, I prefer and agree with the approach taken by Paulsen LCJ to that taken by Scott C.J.”
[13] A plain reading of s.15 (1) makes clear that an illegitimate child may only be adopted by a person other that his or her natural
mother. The concept of a natural mother applying to become effectively as adoptive mother is a non sequitur and contrary to the Act.
It is not something that could sensibly be expected to have been Parliament’s intention.
[14] Further, in my view, the proposition advanced in an Application for Adoption of K that by marrying, the natural mother and her
new husband somehow become “another person” for the purpose of s.15 strains the interpretation of the relevant words
beyond their logical limits.
[15] In this case, and largely for the reasons expressed by Paulsen LCJ, the application for Letters of Adoption in favour of the
natural mother are unnecessary and legally unsound.
[16] However, the application by the male applicant stands in a different light. I see no difficulty in granting Letters of Adoption
to Mr H thereby making him legally the child’s adoptive father. He is ‘another person’. He has the natural mother’s
consent to become the child’s adoptive father. In my opinion such a result still serves the best interests of the child by
formally recognizing him as a member of the applicant’s family and provides the child and Mr H the benefit of legally recognized
father-son relationship.
- The result was that the application by Mrs H was dismissed and Letters of Adoption was granted infavour of Mr H as the child’s
adoptive father.
- In FA 183/2020 an application by ‘Aivinihu Topiese Tauvaka and Finau Motulalo Tauvaka for Letters of Adoption of Cachey Leete
Tria, Justice Niu made the latest ruling on 1 March 2021 on the right of the natural mother to jointly adopt her illegitimate child
with her husband.
- His Honour noted and discussed the three cases mentioned above of Mr and Mrs J, where the couple lived with child for 7 years, Mr
and Mrs T it was 16 years and in Mr and Mrs H it was 17 years. He pointed out that whereas in Mr and Mrs J both applicants were jointly
granted letters of Adoption of the child, the natural mother in Mr and Mrs H was granted nothing. Her then half share over the child
was removed and was granted to the husband alone.
- With respect this leads us away from the core issue under s.15 (1) that the consent of the natural mother is for the adoption by ANOTHER
PERSON.
- His Honour asks the question what happens if the husband takes the child and deserts the mother? Can she complain, or has she divested
herself of all her rights by agreeing to the adoption of the child by the husband?
- I suggest that this concern is something that if a complaint is made, will be decided on what is in the best interest of the child.
- His Honour then expressed the thought that the legislature had not intended that s.15 (1) was to be applied in a way that would deprive
the natural mother of her right over the child if she married and raises the child with her husband, because that would be detrimental
to the child.
- I do not see what detrimental effect to the child will happen if the natural mother’s right is taken away. The applicants have
lived together with the child for 8 years with no problem. If a problem occurs and complaint made, then it will be decided on the
best interest of the child.
- He considers that the Legislature had intended that the mother should continue to be a joint adoptive parent of the child, as implied
customarily adopted, in order that the best interests of the child is maintained.
- It is difficult to accept this reasoning where s.15 (1) clearly state that the adoption is to be by ANOTHER PERSON. The idea that
the natural mother can become the adoptive mother is a misnomer or a non sequitur and contrary to the Act and it is not something
that would sensibly be expected to have been Parliament’s intention as stated by Whitten LCJ in H.
- Two ways to remedy this, His Honour say is to follow the way Scott LCJ had done in Mr and Mrs J that when the mother and her husband
apply for letters of Adoption, then jointly they become ‘another person’ for the purpose of s.15 (1).
- The decision of Scott C.J in Mr and Mrs T that by making a joint application, the natural mother and her husband become ANOTHER PERSON
is as Whitten LCJ in H state, strains the interpretation of the relevant words beyond their logical limits.
- The other way Justice Niu says, is to interpret s.15(1) as if the words “or another person jointly with the mother “were
added to S.15 (1).
- He concluded that he would be justified in interpreting the words, “by another person” in s.15(1) as meaning by another
person or by another person jointly with the mother”.
- He therefore granted the application for Letters of Adoption to both applicants.
- With respect, I do not agree with Justice Niu in the addition of “or by another person jointly with the mother “to s.15(1)
as this changes the whole meaning and intent of the legislature that the consent of the natural mother is for the adoption of her
child by ANOTHER PERSON. If change is required as stated by Justice Niu, it will need to be done by the Legislature.
- The Guardian Ad Litem filed her report on 29 April 2021 supports the application, although the report does not contain any reference
to, or consideration of the legal ramification of the female applicant being the child’s natural mother.
- When the hearing in chambers was called on 11May 2021. I asked the Guardian Ad Litem to file a written opinion on the conflicting
decisions of the natural mother adopting her child jointly with her husband.
- On 17 May 2021, Ms Leotrina Macomber for the Guardian Ad Litem filed her submissions. She considered the conflicting cases and agrees
that the male applicant is “another person” within s.15 (1).
- Further, she submits that when the natural mother consented to the application for Letters of Adoption of the child she was consenting
to the sharing of her legal right as the natural mother with the male applicant who has no existing legal right over the child. She
was not giving up her legal right completely as a natural mother would have done in a normal application but she was agreeing to
share her legal right with the male applicant to continue co-parenting the child and the child to bear the male applicant’s
surname.
- One can see why Ms Macomber say that when the natural mother consented to the application for Letters of Adoption of the child, that
she was consenting to the sharing of her legal rights over the child with her husband because in their joint affidavit they say-
[7] We believe that it is the child’s best interest that we legally adopt her as our own so that (she) could officially be registered
as ours.
[9] I, Tisiola (natural mother) (give) total consent that we legally adopt the child so that she could have our last name and to show
that we are her parents.
- What is missing here, however, is the fact that the natural mother can never be the adoptive mother and neither can she be involved
as jointly adopting the child with her husband. As we will see later on, her wishes in para [7] and [8] will still be accomplished
without her involvement in the Letters of Adoption.
- Ms Macomber also submits that if Letters of Adoption were granted in favour of the male applicant, it would not be contrary to the
child’s best interest because the male applicant has been a father figure to her for over 8 years now. The male applicant and
the natural mother are the only parents she knows.
- In conclusion, Ms Macomber for the Guardian Ad Litem submits that;
(1). The application for the Letters of Adoption be amended where by the male applicant is made the sole applicant.
(2). Similar to the order of Whitten LCJ in Mr and Mrs H for Letters of Adoption that the Court orders that a new birth certificate
be prepared which will continue to show the natural mother as the child’s natural mother but will show the male applicant as
her adopted father and that the child’s surname as requested by the applicants will have added to it their surname and
(3). The said application for Letters of Adoption over the child be granted to male applicant only.
- I do not think it necessary to seek amendment to the application and all I need to do is to make a decision on the application that
has been filed.
- This case is the same as H that was decided by Whitten LCJ. The natural mother and her husband applied for Letters of Adoption in
respect of the child who was born on 11 June 2009. The natural mother and her husband married on 15 January 2013 and the child has
been with them since their marriage.
- The case turns on the legal interpretation of “ANOTHER PERSON” in s.15(1) of the Maintenance of Illegitimate Children Act.
- The meaning is clear and it does not include the addition and extension decided by Scott CJ – that they natural mother and
her husband can be “another person” in term of s.15(1). Neither does it include the additional words to s.15(1) decided
by Niu J.
- Both Paulsen LCJ and Whitten LCJ gave reasons why the application for letter of adoption in favour of the natural mother are unnecessary
and legally unsound and I have taken this into account in the judgement.
- However, the application by the male applicant stand in a different light as stated by Whitten LCJ as he is “another person”
and Letters of Adoption can be made to him. Such a result still serves the interests of the child by formally recognizing him as
a member of the applicant’s family and provides the child and Mr H the benefit of a legally recognized father-son relationship.
RESULT
- For the reasons given above, I make the following Orders;
- That the application by Mrs Tisiola Paea Taulafo is dismissed.
- That the application by Mr ‘Ofa Paea He Lotu Taulafo for Letters of Adoption of the child of Mele Latai Meiha’amoa is
granted.
- That a new birth certificate be prepared for the child which will show Mrs Taulafo as the natural mother and Mr Taulafo as the adoptive
father.
- That the child’s surname be that of the applicants and recorded as Mele Latai Taulafo.
Tupou J
NUKU’ALOFA: 10 June 2021 ACTING JUDGE
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