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High Court of Solomon Islands |
IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOLOMON ISLANDS
(Mwanesalua J)
Civil Case No. 208 of 2000
BETWEEN :
QUARTER ENTERPRISES PTY LIMITED
Claimant
AND :
ALLARDYCE LUMBER COMPANY LIMITED
First Defendant
AND :
JOHN HENRY HOWDEN BEVERLEY
Second Defendant
AND
DEVON GEORGE MINCHIN
Third Defendant
AND
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BANKING GROUP LTD
Applicant
AND:
NAOMI TSURUMI
First Respondent
AND
RONOLD HARRY GIBBS
Second Respondent
AND
QUARTER ENTERPRISES LIMITED
Third Respondent
HEARING : 7 March 2011
JUDGMENT : 15 April 2011
Mr. Primo Afeau for the Applicant
No Appearance for the Respondents
JUDGMENT
Mwanesalua, J:
Application
Background
Payment of SBD1, 216, 037.31 to Sol-Law
Bank Fees on the Bank Guarantee
Joinder of parties to proceedings on Civil Case No. 208 of 2000.
Bank Guarantee
"In consideration of the Principal [High Court of Solomon Islands] accepting this undertaking, the bank undertakes unconditionally to pay the Principal on written demand from time to time any sum or sums to an aggregate amount not exceeding one million two hundred sixteen thousand and thirty seven dollars and thirty one cents SBD$1,216,037.31.
The Bank will pay this amount or any parts of it to the Principal on demand without reference to the customer and even if the customer has given the bank notice not to pay the money, and without regard to the performance or non-performance of the customer of Principal under the terms of contract or agreement.
Any alterations to the terms of the contract or agreement or any extensions of time or any other forbearance by the principal or customer will not impair or discharge the Banks liability under the undertaking.
This undertaking remains in force until one of the following events occurs:
Declaration
14 The Applicant sought declarations against the Respondents under Rule 7.39 of the Rules, which is in these terms: "The court may make an interim declaration by an interlocutory order when it appears to the court to be just or convenient to do so and the order may be made unconditionally or on such terms or conditions as the court thinks just".
Submissions by Applicant
15 The Applicant contends it is entitled to be paid the respective sums plus interest on the basis of either (a) an action for recovery of debt; or (b) Restitution on the grounds of unjust enrichment of the Respondents.
Debt Recovery Claim
16 The Applicant (as banker) and the Respondents (as customers) entered into a verbal agreement as follows:
(a) at the Respondents' request, the Applicant agreed to the establishment and provision of a bank guarantee to be issued in favour of the High Court of Solomon Islands;
(b) the consideration to be provided by the Respondents was:
(i) a promise to repay the Applicant upon demand, in the event the Applicant was ordered to and made payment pursuant to the bank guarantee; and
(ii) the payment of the Applicant's bank fees as stated in paragraph 9 above.
17 The Applicant, as banker, and the second and the Third Respondents, as Customers, had entered into similar banking arrangements on previous occasions, where the Applicant on the request of the customers issued bank guarantees and in exchange the customers provided an indemnity. Although an express indemnity was not provided in the case at hand, the Applicant contends that the course of conduct engaged in over the years firmly established an arrangement whereby the intention of the parties was to exchange the bank guarantee for an indemnity, as security.
18 The Applicant submits that as the Respondents have not repaid the sum of SBD1, 126, 037.31. It has a right to recover it as a debt, as stated by Guadron J in Trident General Insurance Co. Ltd v McNiece Bros Pty Ltd ([1]) "...an obligation to pay a debt to which a contract has given rise is separate and independent from the contract obligation, although corresponding in content with it. An action to recover the debt is an action on the debt and not an action on the contract".
19 The onus is on the defendant (in this case the Respondents) to prove that the debt has been paid: Young v Queensland Trustees Ltd ([2])
Restitutionary Claim
20 In the alternative, the Applicant contends that as a result of its payment of the sum of SBD1,126, 036.31 pursuant to the High Court Orders for the benefit of the Respondents, in accordance with the terms of the bank guarantee issued at the Respondents' request, and in the absence of payment, the Respondents have been 'unjustly enriched' and in the premises are each jointly and severally liable to the Applicant for the relief set out in the Application, in accordance with the principles of restitution and the doctrine of unjust enrichment.
21 The Applicant's restitutionary claim is based on the unjust enrichment of the Respondents. The doctrine of unjust enrichment was explained by Mason CJ in Commissioner of State Revenue (Vict) V Royal Insurance Australia Ltd ([3]): "Restitutionary relief, as it developed to this point of our law, does not seek to provide compensation for loss. Instead, it operates to restore to the plaintiff what has been transferred from the plaintiff to the defendant whereby the defendant has been unjustly enriched. As in the action for money had and received, the defendant comes under an obligation to account to the plaintiff for money which the defendant has received for the use of the plaintiff."
22 The Federal Court of Australia in Spangaro v Corporate Investment Australia Funds Management Ltd ([4]) per Finkelstein J, provided that the elements to be demonstrated in order for the Applicant to obtain restitutionary relief are as follows:
(a) The defendant (in this case the Respondent) was enriched;
(b) The defendants enrichment was at the plaintiffs expense (in this case the Applicant's);
(c) The enrichment was unjust (according to defined categorise developed in cases);
(d) No restitutionary or other defences would preclude restitution being made.
The Respondents were enriched
23 The Applicant submits that the Respondents were enriched because the money was paid to the court on behalf of the Respondents and in fulfilment of the Respondents obligations to the court under the courts relevant orders.
The Respondents enrichment was at the Applicant's expense.
24 The question of whether the Applicant here is entitled to maintain the claim against the Respondents, has been considered previously by both the Australian Court in Spangaro v Corporate Investment Australia Funds Management Ltd ([5]) and the English Court in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnal Ltd. ([6])
25 The Applicant was merely a conduct enabling the payment from the Respondents to the High Court to occur. As a result of the Respondents' failure to repay the Applicant for the payment made by it to the court pursuant to the bank guarantee, the Applicant itself has borne the financial burn of the Respondents' obligation to provide security for costs to the court.
The enrichment was unjust.
26 The question of whether the Respondents' enrichment was unjust is not to be determined "by reference to some subjective evaluation of what is fair or unconscionable": David Securities PTY Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia ([7])
27 The Courts have established recognised categories of unjust enrichment to identify the basis for the obligation to make restitution. A common basis is, when money has been paid for a consideration which has failed: Moses v Macferlan ([8]); Royal Bank of Canada v the King ([9]); Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Limited ([10]).
In Spangaro v Corporate Investment Australia Funds Management ([11]) Firkelstein J, citing Fibrosa Spolka Akcyina v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbow Ltd ([12]) espoused". "In this context, "consideration" can be distinguished from consideration sufficient to form a contract and "it is, generally speaking, not the promise which is referred as the consideration, but the performance of the promise".
Finkelstein J, citing Martin v Andrews ([13]) Chilling Worth v Esche ([14]); David Securities PTY Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia ([15]); Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon ([16]); Roxborough v Rothmans ([17]) at p525, 577, continued: "There will be a "failure of consideration" where a payment has been made for a certain condition or purpose that is not fulfilled (including an unpromised future event), or in contemplation of a state of affairs which does not materialise".
28 The First and the Second Respondents filed sworn statements. They raised two points in their evidence. The first is that there was no order for a new trial made in Civil Appeal No. 5 of 2009. This is correct. However, the order for the retrial between Quarter Enterprises PTY (Claimant) Limited -v- Allardyce Lumber Company Limited and John Henry Howden Beverley (Defendants) was ordered in Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No. 15 of 2007.
29 The second point which the Respondents raised was that the Applicant had no authority to make any payments after the bank guarantee was cancelled on 22 October 2009. It would seem that the Applicant made payments on legal basis.
30 The bank guarantee takes the form of a promise to pay on demand by the Principal (High Court of Solomons). The High Court ordered the Applicant to pay the SBD1, 216, 037.31 into Sol-law Trust Account on 22 October 2009. A cheque in this sum was paid to Sol-law on 5 December 2009. The cheque was presented for payment on 5 November 2009. It was honoured on that date. The Respondent have not repaid the SBD1,216,037.31 nor the balance of bank fees in the sum of SBD31,482.00.
31 The Applicant is a person being affected in civil case no. 208 of 2000. It paid the bank guarantee of SBD1,216,037.31 to the Defendants on behalf of Respondent, and bank fees charged on that amount. It will be added as the Applicant to this case.
32 The bank guarantee was issued for the First and the Third Respondents. The Respondents questioned the authority of the Applicant to make payment to the Defendants subsequent to the cancellation of the bank guarantee on 22 October 2009. They are clearly persons whose presences are necessary in civil case no. 208 of 2000.
33 The Court has considered the evidence of the Applicant and the First and Second Respondents, and the authorities cited by the Applicant. There is evidence to grant the orders sought by the Applicant in this application.
Orders of the Court are as follows;
THE COURT
([1]) [1988] HCA 44; (1988) 165 CLR 107 (8 September 1988
([2]) (1956) 99 CLR 560.
[3] 1994 HCA 61
([4]) [2003] FCA 1025
([5]) [2003] FCA 1021
([6]) [1991] 2AC 548
[7] [1992] 175 CLR at 379
[8] [1760] Eng R 713;
[9] [1913] AC 283, 296;
[10] [2001] 208 CLR 516
[11] [2003] FCA 1025
[12] [1942] UKHL4; [1943] AC 32,48
[13] [856] Eng R 944; (1856) 7 EL & B1 at 4 [119 ER 1148, 1149;
[14] [1924] 1ch 97;
[15] [1992] 175 CLR at 382
[16] [1993] HCA 4; [1993] 176 CLR 344, 389
[17] 208 CLR
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