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Tofe v Fera [1999] SBHC 73; HC-CC 230 of 1999 (26 July 1999)

HIGH COURT OOMON ISLANDS

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Civil Case No. 230 of 1999

ABRAHAM TOFE

v

p class=lass="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> JOHN FERA

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Hearing: 19th July 1999
Judgment: 26th July 1999

p class="Mso="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> Andrew Nori for the Plaintiff
ie Kwaiga for the Defendantndant

JUDGMENT

(Frank Ka):- By Notice of Motion filed on 2nd July 1999, the Plaintiff seeks the following orders:-

class="Mso="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -34.9pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> 1. &bsp; thRt a ver be appointed toed to take under his control and care the operation and management of the two ships “M.V. Tavuilo” and the “Ma’ali> andher tspan>

a) &nbssp; &nsp;&nbp; investigato, ifentify and and report to the Court such properties and assets as have been acquired by the Defendant within the six years prior to the filing of this action which have so aed wit with funh funds eads earned by and through the commercial operations of the two ships herein; and

b) &nnbsp;; nbsp;nbsp; cop; collect and analyse such financial and accounting records and Statements on the operations of the two ships herein and from the said records and statements to prepare an account of the financialormance of the two shwo ships within the six years prior to the date of filing this action.

2. &nnbsp;;&nspp; tsp; the Defe Defendant his agents, employees and family members be restrained from interfering with the workny Rer to pointed by the Court;

3. &nbs; &nbbsp; &nbsph otch other orders asrs as this Court deems just and equitable in the circumstance.

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4. costs to be in the .ausean/span>

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This Noof Motion is based upon the Plaintiff’s Statement of Claim laim filed on 2nd July 1999 that same date the Notice of Motion was filed. The Defendant by another Notice of Motion filed on 8th July 1999 seeks to dismiss the Plaintiff’s Statement of Claim on the basis that the Statement of Claim is time-barred under the Limitation Act (Cap. 18). The Defendant also seeks an order for security of costs in the sum of $100,000 and any further orders as the Court deems fit plus cost. By agreement of Counsel for the parties, the two Motions were heard by the Court together on 19th July, 1999.

The Facts

The facts as disclosed by the affidavits filed are these. The Plaintiff and the Defendants are members of the same extended family in the Langa Large Lagoon on Malaita. In about 1977, they got together and decided to build a ship. The ship, when completed was named, “M.V. Tavuilo”. In about 1979, they built another ship. The ship, when completed was named, “M.V. Sa’alia”. The two ships are now said to be owned and operated by the Defendant under the business name “Mao Faita Shipping Services”. The Plaintiff now claims that he has an interest in these two ships according to an agreement with the Defendant prior to the construction of each of the two ships.

ass="Mso="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> The Deft’s Motion

The Defendant’s Motion is aimed feating the Plaintiff’s clas claim on the ground that it is out of time under section 5 of the Limitation Act (Cap. 18) which states, “Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no action shall be brought, nor any arbitration shall commence, after the expiration of six years from the date on which the cause of action accrued.” The normal practice would be for the Defendant to file a defence and plead the defence of the statute of limitation under Order 21, rule 16 of the High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules, 1964 (the High Court Rules). At that point of pleading, either the Plaintiff or the Defendant under Order 27 of the High Court Rules may raise any point of law for the determination of the Court before the trial if in the opinion of the Court, the decision of the Court on such point of law would substantially dispose of the whole action for the sake of saving litigation cost. The Court may also dismiss such application if it thinks fit. There is obviously a discretion in the Court to exercise its powers in the interest of justice in each case. (See my Judgment in Joses Wawari Sanga & Others v Public Service Commission, (PSC) Haikiu Biabe and Attorney-General Civil Case No. 01899) (unreported). Mr. Nori’s response to the Defendant’s Motion was that section 14(1)(b) of the Limitation Act applied in that there was no time bar against the recovery of trust property or proceeds of trust property in possession of the trustee or previously received by the trustee and converted to his use. Section 14 of that Act states-

“1) &bsp; ;&nbssp; Nop; No prescribedribed period shall apply to an action brought, or to an arbitration commenced, by a beneficiary under a trust, being an action or arbitration:

a) ip resofct y fanud oa frau fraudulent breach of trust to which the trustee was a party or privy; or

p clasoNorstylet-ind-34.3margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-top: 1; mar; margin-bgin-bottomottom: 1">: 1">

b) &nb) & tsp; to recover from the trustee trust property or the proceeds thereof in possession of the trustee, or previously received by the trustee and converted to his use.

2) ;&nspp; Ssbject as aforesairesaid, no action shall be brought nor any arbitration shall commence by a beneficiary to recovust pty, o ect o breach of trust, after the expiration of six yearsyears from from the the date date on which the cause of action accrued:

Prd that the cause of action tion shall not be deemed to have accrued to any beneficiary entitled to any future interest in the trust property, until the interest fell into possession.”

Mr. Nori further argued that the Defendant’s conduct regarding the ruhe running of the two ships was a continuing one and therefore the cause of action on trust was not statute barred under section 17 of the Limitation Act. Section 17 of the Limitation Act states “Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a cause of action shall be deemed to accrue on the date on which the right to relief sought by an action first arises: Provided that where the cause of action is founded on a continuing wrong, a fresh cause of action shall be deemed to accrue on each day the wrong continues”. Mr. Kwaiga, Counsel for the Defendant, on the other hand, argued that section 5 of the Act clearly applied to contracts and therefore statute barred, whilst section 14 did not apply as there was no evidence of a trust in this case. At least, that is how I understood Mr. Kwaiga’s position. Whilst these opposing arguments can be considered by the Court, they do not necessarily result in any form of finality to the issues in this case. That is to say, on the affidavit evidence before the Court, it is rather inclusive, to say the least, to decide the issues raised in this case without the opportunity of hearing evidence to the fullest at the trial of this action. There is so far some evidence of the existence of a contract, a trust and partnership but which is which in the alternative will not become clearer until all the evidence is adduced at the trial of this action. This is why the Court has a discretion to decide such application as this. This point was also made by the Solomon Islands Court of Appeal in Price Waterhouse & Others v Reef Pacific Trading Limited & Another (Civil Appeal No. 4 of 1995) (unreported). The same was repeated by Palmer J in Samuel Saki & Others v Ross Mining (Solomon Islands) Limited & Another (Civil Case No. 169 of 1997) (unreported) at pages 3 - 5 of His Lordship’s judgment. I again emphasised the same at page 5 of my judgment in the Joses Wawari Sanga’s case referred to above. There is also the possible application of section 39 of the Limitation Act which allows the Court to condone delay in actions under certain circumstances. In my view, it is premature on the facts of this case for the Court to conclusively decide the question of time limitation under section 5 as read with section 14 of the Limitation Act. The final position would largely depend upon how the evidence will come out at the trial. I therefore refuse the Defendant’s application on this basis.

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The Plaintiff's Motion

The same question is still whether or not aiver should be appointed ined in this case. In other words, is there any prima facie evidence of title to property in this case. There is no doubt that ships can be the subject-matter of a Court appointed receiver. R. WALTON in KERR ON RECEIVERS, Fifteenth Edition, 1978 at page 90 says, “A receiver has been appointed of a ship, of a ship and her gear, of freight of a ship and of the machinery of a steam vessel. So, also , a receiver may be appointed when an action of co-ownership is brought by the owner of one moiety of a vessel against the owner of the other moiety”. There are however, two types of cases in which an appointment of a receiver can be made. The first type are cases where existing rights over property are being protected where ordinary legal remedies are not effective such as cases of equitable execution. The second type are cases where an appointment of a receiver is necessary to preserve the property pending the trial to sought out the rights of the parties to the litigation. This case would obviously be in this second category. Again, R. WALTON in KERR ON RECEIVERS above at pages 6 - 7 sets out in these terms the whole regime of subject-matters and considerations that are involved in the second type of cases of receivership: “The second class of cases includes those in which the appointment is made to preserve property pending litigation to decide the rights of the parties, or to prevent a scramble among those entitled, as where a receiver is appointed pending a grant of probate or administration, or to preserve property of persons under disability, or where there is danger of the property being damaged or dissipated by those with the legal title, such as executors or trustees, or tenants for life, or by persons with a partial interest, such as partners, or by the persons in control, as where directors of a company with equal powers are at variance. In all cases within this second class it is necessary to allege and prove some peril to the property; the appointment then rests on the sound discretion of the court. In exercising its discretion the court proceeds with caution, and is governed by a view of all the circumstances. No positive or unvarying rule can be laid down as to whether the court will or will not interfere by this kind of interim protection of the property. Where, indeed, the property is as it were in medio, in the enjoyment of no one, it is the common interest of all parties that the court should prevent a scramble, and a receiver will readily be appointed: as, for instance, over the property of a deceased person pending a litigation as to the right to probate or administration. But where the object of the plaintiff is to assert a right to property of which the defendant is in enjoyment, the case presents more difficulty. The court by taking possession at the instance of the plaintiff may be doing a wrong to the defendant; in some cases an irreparable wrong. If the plaintiff should eventually fail in establishing his right against the defendant, the court may by its interim interference have caused mischief to the defendant for which the subsequent restoration of the property may afford no adequate compensation. Where the evidence on which the court is to act is very clearly in favour of the plaintiff, then the risk of eventual injury to the defendant is very small, and the court does not hesitate to interfere. Where there is more doubt, there is, of course, more difficulty. The question is one of degree, as to which, therefore, it is impossible to lay down any precise or unvarying rule. If the court is satisfied upon the materials it has before it that the party who makes the application has established a good prima facie title, and that the property the subject-matter of the proceedings will be in danger if left until the trial in the possession or under the control of the party against whom the receiver is asked for, or, at least, that there is reason to apprehend that the party who makes the application will be in a worse situation if the appointment of a receiver be delayed, the appointment of a receiver is almost a matter of course. If there is no danger to the property, and no fact is in evidence to show the necessity or expediency of appointing a receiver, a receiver will not be appointed. The duty of the court upon a motion for a receiver is merely to protect the property for the benefit of the person or persons to whom the court, when it has all the materials necessary for a determination, shall think it properly belongs... The court, on the application for a receiver, always looks to the conduct of the party who makes the application, and will usually refuse to interfere unless his conduct has been free from blame. Parties who have acquiesced in property being enjoyed against their own alleged rights cannot, except in special circumstances, come to the court for a receiver.”

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In this case, both the M.V. Tavuilo and M.V. Sa’alia would appe appear to be community properties or assets to be operated by the Defendants for the benefit of the Plaintiff and other recognised persons within the extended family of the Plaintiff and the Defendant. I would liken it to ownership in customary land although ownership of customary land is by descent rather than sweat equity as in this case. But the sense of ownership is the same. I therefore find that the Plaintiff has got a good prima facie title to any of the 64 shares in each of the two ships in question. This must obviously be the basis for the Plaintiff's claim for benefits arising out of the running of the two ships by the Defendant on the Plaintiff’s behalf and others. There is however no evidence that the two ships are in any great danger of being destroyed or being sold by the Defendant. What benefit is the Plaintiff expected to receive out of the appointment of a receiver? I would say it is impossible to say on the evidence before the Court. Is the Plaintiff to be paid his share of the benefits of the operation of the ownership of the two ships? There is no evidence as to how many shares he is entitled to in the ownership of the two ships and thus the proportionate payments to be made to him by the receiver if appointed. The investigation of properties and assets acquired by the Defendant in the last 6 years and a report on the accounts of the Defendant’s operation of the two ships is not really the function of a receiver. Furthermore, there is no allegation of fraud against the Defendant. The Defendant is a sole trader under the business name of “Mao Faita Shipping Services”. There is no evidence to suggest that the Plaintiff would be worse off than he already is if an appointment of a receiver is delayed. The Plaintiff has waited 20 years without enforcing his rights over the two ships. There is no evidence in this case to suggest that the facts in this case do present special circumstances that call for the appointment of a receiver. A consideration in favour of the Defendant is that “Part owners frequently delegate authority in respect of the managing of the ship to one of their number, who is known as the managing owner. The managing owner is agent for all the other Owners, with power to do what is necessary to enable the ship to prosecute her voyage and to earn freight. Managing owners or managers must be registered as such, and must notify the Department of Trade of the loss of their ships” (see Halsbury’s Laws of England, Fourth Edition vol.43, para. 125 at 92). This would appear to be position here on the evidence before the Court. By virtue of the survey Certificate No. 106 (Exhibit “JF1” attached to the Defendant’s affidavit sworn and filed on 8/7/99, the Defendant says he is the sole owner of the two ships in question. However, in the Business Group Policies (Exhibit “JF3”), to this same affidavit, the Defendant is said to be the majority shareholder meaning the Plaintiff being the minority shareholder with others. I do not think the Survey Certificate No. 106 (Exhibit “JET”) is conclusive evidence of ownership of the two ships in question by the Defendant. True ownership of ships must be in accordance with section 18 of the Shipping Act, (No. 5 of 1998). In the absence of any documentary evidence of ownership being a Certificate of Registry under section 18 of the Shipping Act, it is difficult as yet to determine who is the majority owner of the two ships. However, clearly the Defendant has so for been conducting himself as the majority owner of the two ships with the acquiescence of the Plaintiff since they were commissioned into service. This has been the position until the Plaintiff commenced this action. This being the case, the prima facie right to possession and control of the two ships lies with the Defendant. As stated in paragraph 127 at 93, Halsbury Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Volume 43, “The right to the possession and control of the ship lies with the majority of the owners, or, as they are usually called, the majority owners. Where the majority owners desire to send the ship on a particular voyage but she is in the possession of a dissenting minority, the majority owners may arrest the ship and obtain from the court a decree of possession, so that they may be enabled to employ the ship as they wish. Similarly, where the minority owners object to the voyage on which it is proposed the ship shall be sent, they may arrest her and sue for an order that she be restrained from pursuing the voyage. In either of these cases, before the majority owners are permitted to send the ship on the desired voyage they will be compelled to give security for the safe return of the vessel. Where the minority owners object to the prosecution of a particular voyage, they are not obliged to contribute to the expenses of the voyage but will not, on the other hand, be entitled to any of the profits.” On the whole, I am not satisfied that this is a case where a receiver should be appointed. The Plaintiff’s application is therefore refused.

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There will be cost in the cause.

F. O. Kabui
Judge


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