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High Court of Solomon Islands |
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HIGH COURT OF SOLOMON ISLANDS
Criminal Case No. 239 of 1999
p class="MsoNoMsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> REGINA >
v
/p>class="Mss="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> VICTOR TADAKUSU
High Court of Solomon Islands
Before: Palmer J.
Criminal Case No. 239 of 1999class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> Hg: 28th October to 3rd November 1999<1999
Judgment: 8th November 1999
Director of Public Prosecutions for Prosecution
Public Solicitor for the Accused
PALME The Accused Victor Tadakusu and three others, Joseph Sangu, Harold Keke and Henry Rokomane were arrested at Bungana Island by Police after a shoot out at the beach on 30 December 1998. Initially there were five persons together with the Accused on Bungana Island during the shoot-out. Unfortunately one got shot and killed by the Police when they were being rounded up. That incident is the subject of a separate case still pending before this Court.
On their arrest the ed with the other three were were remanded in custody but later released on bail on application being made by their Counsel. Unfortunately all the accuseds skipped bail and absconded. Only this Accused has been re-arrested; the other three are still at large. The charges raised against this Accused and the other three are very serious charges and therefore Police must actively seek the re-arrest of those other accuseds, Joseph Sangu, Herold Keke and Henry Rokomane and have them brought before this Court to answer and account for the charges laid against them. I stress their re-arrest (no exceptions, discretions or questions to be asked whatsoever) because until that is done, justice will not have been done in this instance, where there were four accuseds acting in consort to prosecute a common purpose only one is being tried and shortly will be sentenced, on the offences he has pleaded guilty. On the two counts before this Court which he has pleaded not guilty, and a trial held, if convicted he will also be sentenced.
p class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> This Accused had been charged with five offences. Initially, he pleaded not guilty to all five but shortly after trial began on all charges, he gave fresh instruction to his Counsel to have two of the charges re-read to him. This was done and he changed his plea of not guilty to one of guilty. These were in respect of the charges of being a member of an unlawful society contrary to section 68(a) of the Penal Code (Cap. 26) and robbery contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code (Cap. 26). The charge of being a member of an unlawful society was in respect of his membership of the unlawful group then known as the Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army or the initials “GRA”. The charge of robbery pertained to the robbery of one (1) waterski boat and one (1) Mariner Engine, (hereinafter referred to together as the “Ski Boat”) the property of Tambea Beach Resort, on or about 29 and 30 December 1998. This same Ski Boat was used by the accuseds to travel to Gavutu Island on the early hours of 30th December 1998 and eventually to Bugana Island where they were subsequently confronted and arrested by Police. Those facts are not in dispute.
At the same time, an application was by the learned Director ofor of Pubic Prosecutions to have the charge of Attempted Murder against the Accused withdrawn on the basis of lack of sufficient evidence. This was accepted by the Court and the Accused acquitted of that offence under section 190(2)(b)(i) of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 7).
Trial therefore only continued in respect of the charges rges of being in possession of firearms and ammunition contrary to section 5(2)(a) of the Firearms and Ammunition Act (Cap. 80) as read with section 22 of the Penal Code. The particulars of those offences pertained to the possession of four firearms; a pump action shotgun, a 303 rifle, one .22 rifle, and one shotgun (see Exhibits 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively). Two of the firearms, the 303 and .22 rifles were found inside the Ski Boat by the accuseds during the shoot out, whilst the pump action shotgun was found beside the accused Harold Keke and the other shotgun was found on the beach (see unchallenged evidence of witness John Oso PW3).
“If any person -
purchases acquiresuires or has in his possession any firearm or ammunition without holding a firearm licence in force at the time, or otherwise than as authorised by such a licence, or in the case of ammunition, in quantities in excess of those so authorised; or
>
…he shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be guilty of an offence and liable-
(i)">(i) if the offence was tommi ed in a prohibited area to a fine of five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for ten year to such and smprist;
(ii) e thencffwas ommitted ed elsewhere to a fine of three thousand dollars or to imprisonment for five years or to buch fnd supriso.”
The crucial el of the offence envisaged by section 5(2)(a) of the Penal nal Code as it applied to this case is possession of firearms or ammunition without a firearm licence in force at the said time. There is no dispute this Accused does not have firearm licence (see unchallenged evidence of Firearm Licensing Officer Robert Alufurai PW1). What Prosecution is required to prove beyond reasonable doubt is that Accused had in his possession the said firearms, and ammunition used in those firearms.
Prosecution’s caseremised on the provisions of section 22 and or sectioection 21 of the Penal Code. Section 22 states:
“When two or more persons form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose in conjunction with one another, and in the prosecution of such purpose an offence is committed of such a nature that its commission was a probable consequence of the prosecution of such purpose, each of them is deemed to have committed the offence.”
The crucial elements in section 22 are:
p>
(1) a common intention,
(2) to prosecute an unlawful purpose,
(3) an offence is committed,n>
ass="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> (4) it is a pre consequence arising from from prosecution of such purpose.
Those elements will be addressed in detail later in this judgment.
Prosecution’s case is based primarily on the submission that possession is to be inferred from the fact Accused was together with others who has possession of the firearms and ammunition from beginning to end pursuant to section 22 of the Penal Code. In the alternative, he aided and abetted the commission of the said offence by his conduct in giving approval to the activities of Sangu and the others that night and was in a position to give assistance if needed at the said time.
FACTS NOT IN DISPUTE
It was not in dispute the Accused accompanied others to rob Tambea Beach Resort of the Ski Boat and that this same boat was used by him and four others to travel to Gavutu Island then to Bugana Island where they were arrested. It is not disputed there were four rifles collected by Police at various locations after the shoot out with the accuseds. It has never been contended those rifles were in the boat with the accuseds prior to the shoot out with Police.
class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> FACTS IN DISPUTE
What is disputed by this Accused is how those rifles came into their p possession. This Accused denies any knowledge in the possession of those rifles or that he was involved in any way in having them brought to the boat. He also denies ever handling those weapons or using them during the shoot out with Police at Bungana Island or at any time before that. In essence, his defence was that he had no prior knowledge that firearms were going to be taken on board the boat that night and whilst in the boat he had no control or use over them. At no time therefore can it be said he ever asserted control or possession over any of those rifles.
p class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> THE EVIDENCE AND FINDINGS OF THIS COURT
The evidence relied on by Prosecution in support of t of their case that this Accused must be deemed to be in possession of firearms and ammunition is contained in his Statement made to Police under caution. There were actually two statements obtained by Police from this Accused; one dated 31st December 1998 and the second one dated 3rd January 1999.
At the beginning of trial the voluntariness of the first statement was objected to by the Accused and challenged. As trial proceeded, this was withdrawn save for certain inaccuracies and matters which his Counsel submitted on. Those statements have been submitted and admitted as part of the Prosecution evidence before this Court. Their veracity and accuracy however have been challenged in this Court in particular when Accused had elected to give evidence on oath before this Court and which is different in certain parts to what he told Police in his statements.
So what was the Prosen case? Prosecution’s case case hinges on this Court accepting that, what was told to Police in his statements contained the truth as opposed to what he had sought to say on oath before this Court. The question as to what weight to attach to those statements will depend on all the circumstances in which they were taken and is a matter for this Court to determine as tribunal of fact and law (see Burgess [1968] 2 QB 112; Chan Wei Keung v. The Queen [1967] 2 AC 16; and Sharp [1988] 1 WLR 7).
e crucial parts which differ pertained to the activities whes which occurred on the evening of the 29th December 1998. In his statement of 31 December 1998, Accused states he boarded a pick up truck from his village Tamboko and went to Tambea to see Joseph Sangu and talk to him about certain rumours he had heard. At Tambea he was instructed together with other boys to steal a boat from Tambea Beach Resort. He obliged. This theft is the subject of the separate robbery charge on which a guilty plea had been entered. The Accused also states he was told at that point of time when he enquired that the purpose of the boat was to go to an island at Tulagi to dig for some guns (purpose was identified at that point of time). From Tambea they headed directly to an Island off Tulagi called Gavutu Island. It is not in dispute this was where they arrived at about 6 o’clock in the morning of the 30th December 1998. In both statements, references were made about the rifles being taken into the Ski Boat at Tambea However, according to his statement, he could only identify or was aware of the presence of three rifles in the boat during that time; the 303 and pump action shotgun, these he identified as belonging to Joseph Sangu, and the .22 rifle. He identified as belonging to the slain man, Ishmael Panda. He denied knowledge of the other firearm, the shotgun in his statements.
In contrast, in sworn evidence before this Courtstates he was picked up p at his village on the evening of 29th by three of the accuseds, Joe Sangu, Harold Keke and Ishmael Panda in a Suzuki and driven to Tambea. On their way they stopped at Tamale Village where a torch was picked up by Joe Sangu from a house belonging to his uncle. At Tambea the fifth accused Henry Rokomane was picked up with the Ski Boat and came to Tamale Village. They floated outside the village whilst Joe Sangu sent a signal to those ashore. The guns were then brought in a fibreglass canoe and loaded into the boat. This Accused denied knowledge of the plans, purposes and objectives of the trip that night or where they might be going. All he knew was that they went in the direction of Savo first before heading for Gavutu Island. From Gavutu three of them went to Tulagi for petrol and some mixed goods. He states one of the firearms was taken with them to Tulagi whilst the others were left with the other two on Gavutu Island. Even at this point of time, the Accused denies any knowledge of what was the purpose of the trip. During the shoot out with Police, he denies holding any of the firearms or using them. In fact he states he was the first one to jump out of the Ski Boat when Police returned fire.
CREDIBILITY OF ACCUSED
The credibility of this Accused in his defence to this Chis Court is at stake. He had told Police something quite different concerning his involvement with the other accuseds, whilst before this Court he seeks to paint the picture of an innocent young man who joins up out of fear for his life and his family. He refers to an earlier incident in which he says Joseph Sangu had pointed a rifle at his head in one of the meetings on 17th December 1998 because he had declined to follow what Sangu had said at that meeting. He also referred to Sangu as a violent man and a man to be feared. He also made mention of the threats made by Sangu to have their families kidnapped if they did not do what he said. What he says however in his statement to Police about the activities of the “GRA” as it was known then and his conduct as admitted to Police, compared to his evidence before this Court unfortunately do not match. They paint a very confusing picture of himself. On one hand he seeks to claim he was never involved with the group in their unlawful activities and did not know what was going on until that night of the 29th (in fact he could be described as an unwilling participant) he was picked up by Sangu and two others in their suzuki vehicle. On the other hand, if that was so, why of all persons was he singled out by Sangu and picked up that night in the suzuki. According to his statements made to Police, there were many others who had joined up with the group and could have gone with them. Further, if what he says in his evidence on oath is true, that he had indicated an unwillingness in the meeting of 17 December to follow Sangu’s plans, it was most unlikely and unreasonable, in fact incredible, that this Accused would have been chosen that particular night to accompany Sangu and his group to carry out their unlawful purpose. In abnormal operations of the type conducted that night, one would expect only the trusted few, the cream of the of group to be hand picked for such dangerous and unlawful activity. It must be borne in mind what was planned that night was not some lawful picnic trip out to in island but a trip which would involve unlawful activities from the beginning and to be embarked on under cover of the night. The success of such plan or scheme would have depended a lot on the co-operation and willingness of the members of the group that night. Picking someone who had indicated previously he did not agree with ones plans would have been a foolish thing to do and could cause real problems. But that was not so. This Accused states when he was asked, he simply accompanied them that night. This Accused has also not denied he was a member of the “GRA”. In his statements to Police, this Accused gave quite a lot of details concerning the “GRA”; including the number of camps they had, their leaders and I might add, expressly admitting in his statement that he was one of the leaders. That was a statement against his interest and I have no hesitation in finding that that was a true statement. He was the leader for the group at Tamboko. In the light of that evidence, the Picture this Accused seeks to paint of himself takes on a different meaning. It is my view it was as leader of the group at Tamboko and a prominent member in that group, he was chosen by Sangu to accompany them to Tulagi that night; not someone picked at random or by coincidence, and happened to be with the wrong group at the wrong time at the wrong places.
I find on the evidence, contrary to what he seeks to suggest to this CourtCourt, that he was not and unwilling innocent lamb led by the nose by Sangu. To the contrary, I find he was a willing participant all throughout from beginning to end. He knew what the movement was about in its demands. He was present at a meeting of the 17th December 1998 held by Sangu He had stated in his statements he made efforts to find out. That indicates interest. Of course, as leader of the group at Tamboko it was important he be fully versed with current events and be in the frontline of what was happening. His denial of the events and knowledge of the purpose of the trip that night of the 29th, with respect, I find to be so unrealistic to be reasonable and credible. Why would he be not told about what was going to happen or the plans that night? No satisfactory or logical reason has been given or could be identified. Secondly why didn’t he ask? There is no evidence to suggest that he ever asked Sangu or any members in the group what was happening or where they were going? Any normal person would have asked. There has been no suggestion this Accused was abnormal to the extent he did not understand or appreciate what was happening that night. Again I find this to be so unrealistic to be credible. Rather what this Accused stated in his statement was the truth, that he was told and knew what were the plans that night; they needed a boat to go and dig for guns at an island off Tulagi. This Accused then when instructed to go get a boat, obliged. He was a willing participant all the way. He could have refused to go with Sangu and his group when he was asked at Tamboko if that was the truth; he did not. He could have refused to go get the boat when told at Tambea if that was the truth; he did not. He pleaded guilty to robbery of that Ski Boat. By his actions he was agreeing to and with the plan, to go across to Tulagi to get guns. He actively participated in the commission of the offences planned that night. In his statement he states when the boat was ready he told the boys he was with to go and tell Sangu and party that the boat was ready. That is hardly the talk and actions of a person not willing and actively involved in the plans that night. He could have run away that night, but he did not, because he was committed to the task ahead of them. So when the “guns” were brought in to the boat, he was one in accord with his comrades. He cannot now turn around and say I did not agree with the possession of firearms but admitting the other offences committed that night. It was not surprising or unexpected, that firearms were in the Ski Boat that night, irrespective of how they were brought into the boat; whether they were brought in by Sangu and the others at Tambea or by boat outside Tamale Village. In my respectful view, the correct version was that they were brought into the boat at Tambea and that they left for Tulagi from Tambea without stopping at Tamale Village. I find his explanations as to the discrepancies unconvincing and this Accused himself in evidence unconvincing. He was prepared to change his answers in evidence under oath to suit his purposes in an attempt to exculpate himself or to make things look good or in his favour where it mattered. But even if the weapons were loaded into their boat outside Tamale Village, it would have made little difference to the fact of possession of those firearms and his role or part in relation to that. What is clear in my mind is that this Accused knew what was going on despite what he had sought to suggest in his evidence under oath before this Court. Throughout his examination in chief, his Counsel asked him if he knew at any time what was going on. Each time he would answer in the negative. At no time however any satisfactory explanation was given as to why he was never told anything or that if he ever asked (there is no evidence to suggest he ever asked which is unusual) why he was never told. There was no reason whatsoever suggested, why he was kept in the dark all that time. The only reason it would seem was to cut his story so it fell in line with his defence that he was ignorant and was never aware what was going on concerning the possession and use of the firearms.
Unfortunately the fact he might have never used or handled the firearms w whilst in the boat is immaterial to the fact he was one in accord and agreement with the other accuseds in the possession and use of those weapons. It is not open to him to say he never agreed or did not know that firearms were going to be acquired and taken into the boat.
class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> The evidence before this Court isistent with that of a groupgroup of persons who form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose and in the course of prosecution of that purpose and offence is committed which is a probable consequence of the prosecution of that purpose.
I do not believe the Accusen he says he was “forced” ted” to go with Sangu and party on the night of the 30th. I do not believe the Accused he did not know what was going on or planned that night. To the contrary I find he knew what was going on and what was going to be done and that he was willing, active participant in the criminal operation planned that night. As a member of GRA he would have been told what was planned that night. As leader of the GRA group at Tamboko he surely must have been told what was going on. I find it so unrealistic to be so improbable he would not have been told or have known what was planned. His knowledge of the groups already set up and their leaders, and the activities of the illegal group, show him up as a person in the know. His attempts to explain why he did not tell truth to the Police in his statements I find to be without basis and unsatisfactory. In fact, no satisfactory explanation could be given other than that he made those stories up. What for? Why not come out with the truth there and then rather than wait until later to tell the court? It was suggested by learned Counsel how terrifying it might have been for someone so young to find themselves suddenly faced with having live bullets flying around and at them and to be locked up in custody in a cell at Rove, that that might have contributed to his state of mind in not revealing the truth then. Unfortunately this overlooks the simple fact that nobody forced this young man into those criminal acts which he had been charged with. Nobody forced him to join GRA. Nobody forced him to go with Sangu and party that night of the 29th. Nobody forced him to rob Tambea Beach Resort that night so that the boat could be used for an unlawful purpose. Nowhere during trial had it ever been suggested the purpose might he lawful or for good cause. Nobody forced him to jump into the boat with Sangu and party in which firearms were being taken. Any person who deliberately sets out to break the law and plan an unlawful purpose must know what consequences he will face. If caught, he faces arrest by Police and if firearms are involved he faces the risk that the Police might have to resort to the use of firearms to effect that arrest and have him apprehended. Of - course that does not excuse the Police from unreasonable use of force, but Police are entitled to use reasonable force in apprehending him. Those are some of the risks he faces and there is no guarantee life might not be unnecessarily lost in such unusual circumstances. Of-course once he is apprehended what does he expect? He will be remanded in custody and brought to court either for further remand or be released on bail. These are the normal procedures set out under our laws for dealing with such persons as the Accused when caught. If the Accused was shocked by what transpired and being locked up in a cell pending his appearance in court so much so his mind was affected he could not speak the truth to Police when giving a statement voluntarily, he should be given opportunity to explain to this Court why that was so. In this instance, his explanation I find to be basically unconvincing and unsatisfactory.
THE LAW
p class="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> The crucial element in section 5(2)(a) of ) of the Firearms and Ammunition Act for our purposes are the words:
“If any person ... has >has in his possession any firearm or ammunition without holding a firearm licence in force at the time…”
If Prosecution proves the Accused knowingly had in his possession a firearm or any ammunition then the offence is committed (see Warner v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1968) 52 Cr. App. R. 373, H.L.; applied in R. v. Hussain (1) (1981) 72 Cr. App. R. 143, C.A.).
ass="MsoNoMsoNormal" style="margin-top: 1; margin-bottom: 1"> The purpose of section 5 is to regulate and license not only those who keep firearms where they live but also those who have them under their control. It is not in dispute in this case the rifles were not directly brought into the boat by the Accused. Prosecution in fact had not proven on evidence that this Accused brought the firearms into the boat at Tambea or at Tamale village if his evidence under oath is to be accepted. Either way, the only evidence before this Court points to the firearms being brought into the boat and were under the control of others in the group; those identified were Sangu and Panda. If that were all there is to this case, then the charges against this Accused would not have been proven. Prosecution however does not rely on section 5(2)(a) alone but on section 22 of the Penal Code, which deals with offences committed by joint offenders in prosecution of a common purpose. This case therefore must turn on whether the elements of section 22 had been proven. I had listed those elements in this judgement. The issue now is whether those elements had been proven to the required standard.
The first two elements to be proven are er a common intention had bhad been formed to prosecute an unlawful purpose. I have already ruled on this in my findings that in my respectful view this Accused knew what was being planned that night, that he voluntarily joined the group and that he knew it was unlawful. If what he said on oath was the truth, the moment he joined Sangu and party that night at Tamboko he indicated a willingness to participate in their plans that night. If what he said under caution was the truth, the moment he joined Sangu and party to carry out their plans that night indicated his willingness to participate in their plans. Either way I find the actions of this Accused consistent with that of a person who had formed common intention with Sangu and others to prosecute an unlawful purpose. After joining up, he did not hesitate to go and rob Tambea Beach Resort of the Ski Boat. I reject his evidence in which he claimed he was like a sheep being led by the nose by Sangu and others.
The thiement for proof is that an offence had been committed in thin the prosecution of that unlawful purpose. The unlawful purpose as contained in his statement of 31 December 1998 was to go across to Tulagi to dig for “guns”. In the prosecution of that unlawful purpose, firearms were carried in the boat in which the Accused was also travelling in. None of those accuseds had a valid firearm licence and thus were in breach of section 5(2)(a) of the Firearms and Ammunition Act. That an offence had been committed is not in dispute. The issue before this Court is whether the commission of that offence should also be imputed to this Accused.
The final element is that the commission of the offence of p of possession of firearms was a probable consequence of the prosecution of their unlawful purpose. Little or no evidence has been adduced to show otherwise that the carrying of- firearms in the boat was not and could not have been a probable consequence of their plan that night to go across to Tulagi to dig for guns. To the contrary the evidence as adduced points strongly in favour of the probability, taking into account the criminal and unlawful activities this unlawful group was prepared to go into, that in fact it was not surprising and to be expected, firearms were taken in that boat that night. That completes the requirements needed to be fulfilled before a joint offender can be held in law to be as guilty as the others of the possession of firearms. I am satisfied beyond reasonable doubt this Accused is as much guilty of the possession of firearms as the others he had sought to implicate in his evidence as being solely responsible for bringing the rifles into the boat. I had pointed out I find him to be a willing participant, voluntarily joining the group and actively participating in their criminal activities from beginning to end. Before he went with Sangu and party that night to steal the Ski Boat from Tambea Beach Resort he was already a member of GRA. And it was as a member and leader of one of the groups of that unlawful society, he accompanied Sangu and party that night.
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The alternative argument is that he aided and abetted Sted Sangu and party in the commission of said offences. In my respectful view, again I find his actions and conduct to be consistent with that of a person who aids and abets the commission of said offences. He was involved in their unlawful plans from the beginning and actively participated in the carrying out of their plans that night. He was a party to those who robbed Tambea Beach Resort of the Ski Boat. He also accompanied Sangu and party in the boat and was in a position to assist Sangu and party when the firearms were taken possession of, whether it was at Tambea or outside Tamale Village. It should be obvious to any one that one of the reasons why he accompanied Sangu and party, or was asked to accompany them that night must obviously be so that he could give assistance to them in the carrying out of their unlawful purpose. His presence in the boat therefore was not by accident or coincidence, but because he was there to give a helping hand when needed; that is very clear in evidence. I am satisfied the evidence before this Court is more than sufficient to establish that he was also a principal offender by virtue of section 21 of the Penal Code.
I fin guilty of both offences of possession of firearms and ammu ammunition and convict him accordingly of both offences.
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