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Papua New Guinea Leadership Tribunal |
N9315(LT)
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
[IN THE LEADERSHIP TRIBUNAL]
LT NO. 01 OF 2021
IN THE MATTER OF A REFERENCE BY THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR PURSUANT TO SECTION 27 (2) OF THE ORGANIC LAW ON THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LEADERSHIP
AND
IN THE MATTER OF HON. SOLAN MIRISIM MP, MEMBER OF TELEFOMIN OPEN, WEST SEPIK PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY
WAIGANI: The Honourable . Justice Gavara-Nanu – Chairman, His Worship – Mark Selefkariu- DCM & Her Worship – Josephine Kilage – SM
2021: 16th June, 16th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 27th, 28th, 29th 31st July, 16th August, 6th September & 17th November
LEADERSHIP TRIBUNAL – Practice & Procedure – Organic Law on Duties and Responsibilities of Leadership ss. 4, 17 (d), 27 and 28 – Constitution; ss. 27, 29(1), 31(1),50, 59 and 177(1)(b) – Misconduct in Office – Suspension – Powers and Functions of Leadership Tribunal – Reference by the Public Prosecutor.
LEADERSHIP TRIBUNAL – Organic Law on Duties and Responsibilities of Leadership – Ombudsman Commission – Powers and Functions of Ombudsman Commission– Annual Statements – Leader – Natural Justice.
LEADERSHIP TRIBUNAL - Allegations of misconduct in Office - Evidence - Standard of proof - Unverified documentary evidence - Need corroboration - Lacking credibility.
Cases Cited:
Andrew Kumbakor, Member for Nuku (2003) N2363
Application Pursuant to s. 155 (4) by John Mua Nilkare [1998] PNGLR 472
In the Matter of A Reference by the Public Prosecutor and In the Matter of Hon. Solan Mirisim, MP [2021] PGLT 3; (2021) N9276(LT)
In the Matter of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare (2011) N4224
James Eki Mopio [1981] PNGLR 416
Re Kedea Uru [1988-89] PNGLR 226; N730
Re Peter Ipatas [2006] N3078
SCR No.2 of 1982; Re Kunangel [1991] PNGLR 1
Special Reference by the Attorney General Pursuant to Constitution Section 19 (2016) SC1536
Counsel:
P. Kaluwin & D. Kuvi, for the Referrer
G. Sheppard & T. Tabuchi, for the Leader
17th November, 2021
Introduction
Evidence
Submissions
Reasons for decision
“In our view there is no absolute degree or standard of proof to be applied by the Leadership Tribunal. The Tribunal must be reasonably satisfied of the truth of the allegations or denials. In reaching such a conclusion it must give full weight to the gravity of a charge of misconduct in office by a person subject to the Leadership Code, the adverse consequences which follow and of the duty to act judicially and in compliance with the principles of natural justice. In practical terms the standard is not as high as the criminal proof beyond reasonable doubt but in our opinion, the very nature of the offence of misconduct in office created by the Constitution and the Organic Law on the Duties and Responsibilities of Leadership, will require a higher standard of proof than that ordinarily applicable in civil cases, namely proof on a balance of preponderance of probabilities. In matters involving accusations amounting to criminal conduct, the standard must be close to that applicable in a criminal trial”.
27. Responsibilities of office.
(1) A person to whom this Division applies has a duty to conduct himself in such a way, both in his public or official life and his private life, and in his associations with other persons, as not—
(a) to place himself in a position in which he has or could have a conflict of interests or might be compromised when discharging his public or official duties; or
(b) to demean his office or position; or
(c) to allow his public or official integrity, or his personal integrity, to be called into question; or
(d) to endanger or diminish respect for and confidence in the integrity of government in Papua New Guinea.
(2) A person to whom this Division applies shall not use his office for personal gain or enter into any transaction or engage in any enterprise or activity that might be expected to give rise to doubt in the public mind as to whether he is carrying out or has carried out the duty imposed by Subsection (1)
(3) It is the further duty of a person to whom this Division applies—
(a) to ensure, as far as is within his lawful power, that his spouse and children and any other persons for whom he is responsible (whether morally, legally or by usage), including nominees, trustees and agents, do not conduct themselves in a way that might be expected to give rise to doubt in the public mind as to his complying with his duties under this section; and
(b) if necessary, to publicly disassociate himself from any activity or enterprise of any of his associates, or of a person referred to in paragraph (a), that might be expected to give rise to such a doubt.
(4) The Ombudsman Commission or other authority prescribed for the purpose under Section 28 (further provisions) may, subject to this Division and to any Organic Law made for the purposes of this Division, give directions, either generally or in a particular case, to ensure the attainment of the objects of this section.
(5) A person to whom this Division applies who—
(a) is convicted of an offence in respect of his office or position or in relation to the performance of his functions or duties; or
(b) fails to comply with a direction under Subsection (4) or otherwise fails to carry out the obligations imposed by Subsections (1), (2) and (3),
is guilty of misconduct in office.
41. In our opinion, s. 27 is an all-encompassing law that covers all forms of leadership breaches constituting misconduct in Office by leaders. The conduct of a leader must have an element of dishonesty and that the conduct is deliberate and intentional and or reckless for such conduct to be in breach of s. 27 (1) of the Constitution. See, In the Matter of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare (supra) and Application Pursuant to s. 155 (4) by John Mua Nilkare (1997) SC536; [1998] PNGLR 472. In the latter case, the Supreme Court in reflecting on s. 27 said:
"Much of what has been expressed by the CPC in the report is reflected in s 27 of the Constitution. S 27 is concerned with responsibilities and conduct of leaders. Subsec (1) deals with the "duty to conduct himself in such a way, both in his public or official life and his private life". This relates to (1) conduct generally and (2) in his association with other persons. The nature of conduct which may result in misconduct are itemised s 27 (1) (a) — (d). This conduct include behaviour on the part of the leader where there may be a conflict of interest or where the leader's position may be compromised (s 27 (1) (a)).
The other three types of conduct (s 27 (1) (b) to (d)) are expressed in very wide and general terms. It is incapable of precise definition. In fact any kind of definition is likely to fall short of what this provision was intended to cover. These provisions cast a very wide net to catch all kinds of conduct by leaders. One thing is clear, it is the public perception of the leader which is the dominant theme. Sec 27 (2) speaks about "doubt in the public mind". When a leader demeans his office or his integrity is called into question this will diminish the respect for and confidence of government.
What then are proper standards of conduct? I have no doubt that laws of this country in themselves set a standard of conduct. Where a leader breaches or ignores any law of Papua New Guinea, he is likely to breach s 27 (1) (b) to (d) of the Constitution. If a leader is convicted of an offence in relation to his office or position or in relation to the performance of his functions s 27 (5) specifically lists this as misconduct in office.
...The Preamble refers to the noble traditions of our ancestors and the Christian principles. Such principles include decency, honesty, integrity, transparency, accountability and the like. These principles will be taken into account in determining whether the conduct of leaders amount to misconduct in office under s 27 of the Constitution". (Our underlining).
42. Thus, it is an established principle of law that allegations of misconduct in Office relate to the leadership duties and responsibilities of a leader as stipulated under s, 27 of the Constitution. In discharging those responsibilities, the leader must conduct himself responsibly with integrity. If the leader’s conduct is irresponsible and dishonest then such conduct will call the integrity of the leader into question. This will form the basis for the leader’s suspension from Office if he is referred to the Public Prosecutor by the OC, the effect of which is that the leader is suspended from performing any leadership duties and responsibilities. Then eventual dismissal from Office if found guilty by a leadership tribunal for misconduct in Office. The latter is reflected in the penalty regime stipulated under s. 31 of the Constitution which provides that a leader, if dismissed from Office is barred from occupying any leadership position, including an elective Office if the leader had been a Member of Parliament for 3 years after the date of his dismissal.
43. In James Eki Mopio, the Supreme Court said s. 27 of the Constitution enforces the Leadership Code. The Supreme Court said:
“Section 27 of Pt. V of the Organic Law on the Duties and Responsibilities of Leadership provides for enforcement in cases of misconduct in office by those subject to the Leadership Code. Section 27 is a grant of power to the Public Prosecutor or the Ombudsman Commission to refer a matter of misconduct in office to the appropriate tribunal”.
44. In Re: Kedea Uru (supra) the tribunal held that the leader who received certain benefits in an honest but mistaken belief that he was entitled to the benefits could not be in breach of by s. 27 because there was no element of dishonesty in the conduct of the leader in receiving the benefits. The leader was found not guilty of misconduct in Office. Section 27 (1) therefore lays down the tests to be met for a leader to be guilty of misconduct in Office.
45. A reckless breach of the Leadership Code would arise where a leader after realizing the breach had failed to correct or rectify the breach and continued committing the breach. There must be clear and strong evidence of such breach for the leader to be found guilty of misconduct in Office. In this case the Leader told the OC in his response letter that he did not realize that Annual Statement for 2013/2014 “was missing or had not been submitted”. He said the OC did not alert him that he had not submitted the Annual Statement. The Leader's response letter reads:
“I was surprised that the 2013/2014 Annual Statement was missing. Only upon receiving your letter of 6th April, 2020 “Subject- Notice of Right to be Heard” I became aware of that situation.
The Ombudsman Commission did write to me seeking clarifications for deposits into my account for the said periods (sic.) but they did not specifically advise me that the 2013/2014 Annual Statement was outstanding”.
46. It is plain to us from this part of Leader's response letter that the Leader had honestly but mistakenly believed that his Annual Statement for 2013/2014 was submitted to the OC. One must remember that the OC told the Leader about six years after the period within which the Leader was required to submit the Annual Statement that he had failed to submit the Annual Statement. Given the Leader's reasons for not submitting the Annual Statement, we are not satisfied that the Leader deliberately refused or failed to submit the 2013/2014 Annual Statement nor was he reckless in his conduct. In our view the OC is not free from blame because it had the duty to inform the Leader promptly after the period within which the Annual Statement was supposed to have been submitted had expired that he had not submitted the Annual Statement. The OC waited for six years before telling the Leader in early April, 2020 that he failed to submit the Annual Statement. We find that in the circumstances, the Leader was not given a fair hearing by the OC before finding him guilty of misconduct in Office. We are of the opinion that the OC breached the principles of natural justice. We find the Leader did not act in breach of s. 27 (1) of the Constitution.
47. The tribunal in, In the Matter of Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare (supra) in stressing the right of a leader to be heard said:
"A leader against whom allegations are made must be fully and fairly informed of the acts or omission complained, afforded natural justice in a robust and transparent manner and provided with the fullest opportunity to challenge or to respond to the allegations".
48. The tribunal made these observations regarding the right of a leader to be heard by the OC.
49. It would be against the interest of justice for the Tribunal to make an adverse finding against the Leader for not submitting the Annual Statement for 2013/2014. For the reasons given, we are of the opinion that the OC must bear some blame for the alleged failure by the Leader to submit the Annual Statement. Thus, it would also be unfair for us to make any adverse findings against the Leader. We accept the Leader’s evidence that he was allowed by the OC to submit a substituted copy of the 2013/2014 Annual Statement late, which is Exhibit ‘TTT’. See, SRC No. 2 of 1982; Re Kunangel (supra).
50. We find that the Leader has given reasonable explanations for any delay on his part in submitting the 2013/2014 Annual Statement after receiving the OC's letter of 6 April, 2020.
51. There is one other matter we must address in deciding whether the Leader was given a fair hearing by the OC. The matter relates to the application by the Leader to the OC on 28 February, 2013, to be allowed to continue operating his businesses. The application was approved by the OC in a letter dated 14 June, 2016 to the Leader. Such delayed response begs the question whether the allegations relating to the Leader’s business activities between 28 February, 2013 and 14 June 2016 have been made in good faith and whether the allegations are fair. Further- still whether the allegations should have been made at all.
52. We relevantly note that most of the allegations occurred between 2007 and 2016. For example, allegation 14 relates to claims that between 20 July 2007 and 25 February, 2016 the Leader failed to comply with the requirements of s. 21 of the Business Group Incorporation Act, Chapter No. 144. This period includes the period in which the Leader was not subject to the Leadership Code. That immediately begs the propriety of the allegation. In any event, such length of delay in referring the matter to the Public Prosecutor in our opinion seriously prejudices the Leader and puts the Leader in very difficult position to answer the allegations against him properly and fully. Over such long period of delay, evidence could have been lost, witnesses not being able to recall events or dying and so on. In such situations the leader would be denied a fair hearing.
53. The evidence relied upon by the Referrer in our opinion had been severely dented by the long delay and the credibility of the evidence had greatly diminished. This is another reason we are not satisfied that the Leader failed to submit 2013/2014 Annual Statement.
54. We consider it appropriate to make some general observations and elaborate on the right of a Leader to be heard fully and properly by the OC on allegations of misconduct in Office. The duty on the OC to give fair and proper hearing to a leader is rooted in audi alteram partem rule. This rule requires a public body such as the OC to act fairly in its decision-making process. The rule embodies the principles of natural justice, a common law principle which is part of our underlying law which is enforced by the Constitution under s. 59. The OC as a public body is mandated by the Constitution under s. 59 to observe principles of natural justice in its investigation of leaders for alleged breaches of the Leadership Code. Having regard to these principles, we find that apart from the long delays in referring the matter to the Public Prosecutor, the Leader was not given the opportunity to be heard, thus was denied a proper and fair hearing.
55. Whilst we fully appreciate that OC has to deal with many cases, we consider that where the OC is not satisfied with written explanations by leaders regarding allegations made against them, it is incumbent on the OC to conduct personal interviews with those leaders. This will in our view give the leader full opportunity to be heard. In this case the Leader was invited to respond to the allegations which he did in writing. The written response by the Leader then became the basis for the OC to make a deliberate judgment under s. 17 (d) of the Organic Law that the Leader was guilty of misconduct in Office regarding the matters which the OC considered the Leader failed to answer in his written response.
56. The Chief Ombudsman told the Tribunal that under the express terms of s. 4 of the Organic Law, the OC has no discretion but to find the Leader guilty of misconduct in Office regarding matters put to the Leader in the OC’s “right to be heard” letter of 6 April, 2020 which the OC considered the Leader had failed to give satisfactory answers in his response letter of 13 May, 2020.
57. We are unable to agree with the OC that it has no discretion under s. 4 of the Organic Law. Given that it has power to make a prima facie finding of guilty against leaders which may result in the leader being suspended from Office and eventually dismissed from Office, if found guilty by a leadership tribunal, it is incumbent on the OC to give the leader full and fair hearing. In our opinion, personal interviews with leaders facing allegations of misconduct in Office in such situations is an integral part of the process of full and fair hearing by the OC. In our opinion, conducting personal interviews with a leader whose written responses to questions put to him by the OC are unclear or even insufficient is in harmony with OC's investigatory functions under s. 219 of the Constitution and s. 17 of the Organic Law and principles of natural justice under s. 59 of the Constitution. The OC is not an ordinary public body, it is a constitutional body, thus is mandated to comply strictly with the constitutional requirements.
58. The duty on the OC to give a full and fair hearing to a leader under investigation is commensurate to the position the leader holds. Because of the serious consequences that may follow viz; suspension from performing any leadership duties and responsibilities to dismissal from Office, the OC has the duty to be fair and thorough in its investigations and to exercise great caution in discharging its investigatory functions. In this case, the leader is a Member of Parliament duly elected to that public Office by the people he represents in the Telefomin Open electorate and pursuant to s. 50 of the Constitution, has the right to hold that Office.
59. Therefore, there must be proper and lawful basis for the Leader to be deprived of that right. Given the possible serious consequences of the Leader being dismissed from Office, greater degree of care and discernment was required of the OC in deciding whether to refer the matter to the Public Prosecutor for prosecution before a leadership tribunal. See, Special Reference by the Attorney General Pursuant to Constitution Section 19 (2016) SC1534. We find the OC failed to exercise such degree of care and discernment in this case.
60. The duty on the Public Prosecutor to be thorough and exercise care and discernment in deciding whether to refer a matter to an appropriate tribunal is more onerous. In making that decision, the Public Prosecutor must properly evaluate the OC's Statement of Reasons together with the supporting material. The Public Prosecutor must form an independent opinion of the matter so that if the Public Prosecutor comes to a different opinion from that of the OC, the Public Prosecutor must decline to prosecute the matter and immediately refer the matter back to the OC for possible prosecution by the OC.
61. The referral of the matter by the Public Prosecutor to an appropriate tribunal should be the last resort and should only be made in the clearest of cases and where the matter constitutes a clear breach of s. 27 of the Constitution. This requires exercise of due diligence, care and discernment because the Public Prosecutor's referral of the matter to an appropriate tribunal is the final process which determines the fate of the leader. See, Special Reference by the Attorney General Pursuant to Constitution Section 19 (supra).
62. Thus, it is important that the initial investigations of a leader by the OC for possible misconduct in Office be done with high degree of care and discernment. In this regard, we are of the opinion that it is part of the functions of the OC to assist and encourage such leaders to be good and responsible. See, Re Peter Ipatas [2006] N3078. Referral of a leader to the Public Prosecutor for possible prosecution before a leadership tribunal should be the last resort and only after all avenues to assist the leader to exonerate himself from possible misconduct in Office have been fully exhausted. This would require exercise of due diligence by the OC.
63. In this case, it appears that there was lack of due diligence both by the OC in referring the matter to the Public Prosecutor and by the Public Prosecutor in referring the matter to the Tribunal.
64. For the foregoing reasons, the Leader having pleaded guilty to allegation 1 and allegations 11, 12 and 13 having been struck out, we find the Leader guilty of allegation 1 but not guilty of allegations 2 to 10 and 14 to 22.
65. The Orders of the Tribunal are:
1. The Leader is guilty of allegation 1.
2. The Leader is not guilty of allegations 2 to 10 and 14 to 22.
Orders accordingly.
__________________________________________________________________
Public Prosecutor: Lawyers for the Ombudsman Commission (Referror)
Young & William Lawyers: Lawyers for the Leader
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URL: http://www.paclii.org/pg/cases/PGLT/2021/4.html