HIGH COURT OF KIRIBATI
CIVIL JURISDICTION

CASE NO: CIVIL CASE: 42 of 2020

BETWEEN

MWAKURITI BAIA							Plaintiff

AND

ATTORNEY GENERAL						1st Respondent
(in respect of the Kiribati Police Service)

TEKEA RIKIAI								2nd Respondent

Ms. Taaira Timeon for the Plaintiff
Ms. Tumai Iaokiri for the 1st Respondent 
Ms. Botika M McDermott for the 2nd Respondent

JUDGMENT

I. Introduction
1.	This matter arises from a road traffic accident alleged to have occurred on 17 April 2020 near the Bonriki airport strip.  The Plaintiff, Ms. Mwakuriti Baia, seeks damages for personal injuries and the loss of her motorcycle, alleging negligence on the part of the 2nd Defendant, a police officer, and vicarious liability against the Kiribati Police Service through the 1st Defendant.
2.	The 2nd Defendant denies liability, asserting that the accident was caused by the Plaintiff’s own negligence. He further disputes the extent of damages claimed and belatedly raises questions as to the Plaintiff’s identity as the injured party.
3.	The Court must determine liability, causation, and quantum of damages, applying established principles of negligence and vicarious liability under Kiribati’s civil procedure rules and comparative common law authority.
II. Issues
4.	For clarity and symmetry, the issues are framed as follows:
a)	Identity of the Plaintiff – Whether the Plaintiff was the rider injured in the accident.
b)	Negligence – Whether the accident was caused by the negligence of the 2nd Defendant or by the Plaintiff’s own negligence.
c)	Res Ipsa Loquitur – Whether the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies to infer negligence from the circumstances of the accident.
d)	Vicarious Liability – Whether the 1st Defendant is vicariously liable for the acts of the 2nd Defendant.
e)	Proof of Damage – Whether the Plaintiff has proved her injuries and losses, and if so, the appropriate measure of damages.
III. Legal Framework (Kiribati’s Approach in Context)
5.	Kiribati’s courts, like other common law jurisdictions, apply the duty–breach–causation–damage framework for negligence (Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562; Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605).  The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur (Scott v London & St Katherine Docks Co (1865)) is recognized as an evidential tool where negligence may be inferred from the nature of the accident.
6.	The duty of care owed by drivers to other road users is well established.  Breach occurs where vigilance is impaired or reasonable precautions are not taken, and causation is assessed by the “but for” test.  Kiribati courts have consistently applied this framework, as in Korieta v Broadcasting and Publication Authority [2011] KIHC 40 and Benn (By her next friend Kirua Taungea) v Public Utilities Board [2014] KIHC 47, where negligence was proved through medical evidence and failures of vigilance.
7.	The principle of vicarious liability requires that the tort be committed in the course of employment.  As stated in St Helen’s Colliery v Hewitson [1924] AC 59, liability attaches only where the employee was “doing what he was employed to do.”  Comparative authorities illustrate the boundaries: Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 (close connection test), Storey v Ashton (1869) LR 4 QB 476 (“frolic of his own”), and Smith v Stages [1989] AC 928 (special mission exception).
8.	Kiribati jurisprudence confirms these boundaries:
o	Nanotasi CS Ltd v Tito [2001] KIHC 41: The High Court rejected the employer’s defence that the driver acted independently, holding that he was transporting pig food in furtherance of the employer’s business.  Liability attached because the act was connected to the enterprise.
o	Tenubobo v Mawanei [2017] KICA 13: The Court of Appeal held that a driver transporting fellow employees home remained within the course of employment. Negligence during an authorized journey did not remove him from that scope.
9.	Together, these cases establish that liability attaches where the employee’s acts are sufficiently connected to the employer’s business or authorized duties, and the “frolic of his own” defence fails in such circumstances.  Conversely, acts undertaken in a purely personal capacity, such as commuting, fall outside the scope of employment.
10.	On damages, Kiribati applies the distinction between special and general damages, consistent with Ratcliffe v Evans [1892] 2 QB 524 (strict proof of special damages).  Special damages must be explicitly pleaded and strictly proved, while general damages are assessed at large to reflect pain, suffering, and loss of amenity.
o	Taraia v Reue [2006] KIHC 150: The High Court awarded $15,420, comprising $420 in special damages for hospital costs (strictly proved) and $15,000 in general damages for pain, suffering, loss of enjoyment of life, and loss of wages.  The Court emphasized that special damages require documentary or corroborating evidence, while general damages are assessed broadly, guided by fairness and local standards.
o	This approach has been reaffirmed in Benn v PUB and Korieta v BPA, where general damages were awarded in the range of AUD$19,000–20,000 when supported by medical evidence.
11.	Thus, the Court’s approach situates Kiribati firmly within the mainstream of common law reasoning, while tailoring outcomes to local procedural rules and evidentiary standards.
IV. Evidence and Pleadings
12.	Plaintiff’s case:
o	Affidavit evidence states she was driving correctly on the left side of the road when struck by the 2nd Defendant’s vehicle.
o	She alleges the Defendant failed to keep a proper lookout, failed to slow down or swerve, and failed to give warning.
o	Injuries claimed: cut on leg, bruising on thigh, persistent pain in chest and legs.  Motorcycle allegedly beyond repair.

13.	2nd Defendant’s case:
o	Affidavit evidence states the Plaintiff’s motorcycle struck the right side of his car while negotiating a curve.
o	He asserts the Plaintiff was driving too fast and failed to remain in her lane.
o	He claims he assisted in transporting the injured rider to hospital, but disputes that the Plaintiff was the person injured.
o	He filed a police complaint; Plaintiff did not.
V. Findings of Fact
14.	The Court notes significant inconsistencies between the parties’ accounts.  The Plaintiff maintains she was struck while properly on her side of the road.  The Defendant maintains she crossed into his lane.
a) Identity of the Plaintiff
15.	The Plaintiff asserts that she was the rider injured in the accident.  Her affidavit evidence identifies her as the person struck by the Defendant’s vehicle, and she maintains that the injuries she suffered (cut on leg, bruising on thigh, persistent pain in chest and legs) were directly caused by the collision.  Counsel for the Plaintiff submits that the Defendant never denied her identity in his pleadings, and therefore the issue cannot properly be raised at trial.
16.	The 2nd Defendant disputes that the Plaintiff was the injured rider.  He claims that another individual was involved in the accident and that the Plaintiff has misrepresented herself as the victim.  He points to his own affidavit evidence and his police complaint as support for this contention.
17.	The Court begins with the procedural rule: under Order 21 rule 14 of the High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules, any allegation not specifically denied in pleadings is deemed admitted.  The Defendant’s defence did not deny the Plaintiff’s identity as the injured rider.  Raising this issue for the first time in affidavit evidence is procedurally impermissible.
18.	Substantively, the Plaintiff’s sworn affidavit is consistent and unshaken under cross-examination.  The Defendant’s assertion of mistaken identity is unsupported by independent evidence, no hospital records, no witness testimony, and no contemporaneous documentation were produced to corroborate his claim.  The police complaint lodged by the Defendant does not identify another rider with sufficient clarity to displace the Plaintiff’s evidence.
19.	The Plaintiff’s testimony is credible, consistent, and procedurally admitted.  The Defendant’s belated denial is procedurally barred and evidentially weak.
20.	On the balance of probabilities, the Court accepts that the Plaintiff was the rider injured in the accident.  The Defendant’s attempt to dispute identity is procedurally defective and substantively unsupported.  The Plaintiff’s identity as the injured party is established.
21.	The Defendant’s belated denial of identity is procedurally barred under Order 21 rule 14 and lacks evidentially supported.  The Plaintiff’s sworn testimony is credible and consistent.  Her identity as the injured rider is therefore established.
b) Negligence
22.	The Plaintiff contends that the 2nd Defendant was fatigued after an overnight shift, failed to keep a proper lookout, and did not slow down, swerve, or sound his horn.  She argues that these omissions constitute a breach of the duty of care owed to her as a fellow road user.  
23.	The 2nd Defendant maintains that the Plaintiff was driving too fast, crossed into his lane, and struck the right side of his vehicle.  He submits that the accident was caused by the Plaintiff’s own negligence, not his.
24.	The Court applies the established framework of duty, breach, causation, and damage:
(a)	Duty of Care: As articulated in Donoghue v Stevenson and refined in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman, every driver owes a duty to other road users to exercise reasonable care.  This principle has been consistently applied in Kiribati, for example in Benn v PUB and Korieta v BPA.  That duty applied here.  The Defendant, as a police officer driving his vehicle after an overnight shift, owed such a duty to the Plaintiff, who was another road user at the relevant time.  His professional role does not diminish the duty; if anything, it heightens the expectation of vigilance, which, if breached, gives rise to liability for negligence.
(b)	Breach: The Defendant had been on duty overnight and was fatigued. Fatigue is a recognized impairment of vigilance and reaction time.  His failure to stop, swerve, or sound his horn demonstrates a failure to act as a reasonable driver would in the circumstances.  The Plaintiff’s account of being struck while properly on her side of the road is consistent with such a breach.  The Defendant’s assertion that the Plaintiff crossed into his lane is unsupported by independent evidence.  On balance, the Defendant’s omissions constitute a breach of duty sufficient to ground liability, irrespective of contributory fault.
(c)	Causation: The collision occurred directly because of the Defendant’s impaired vigilance and failure to take evasive action.  Even if the Plaintiff was travelling at speed, the Defendant’s omissions materially contributed to the accident.  Applying the “but for” test, but for the Defendant’s failure to act, the collision would likely have been avoided.  A reasonable driver, alert and vigilant, would have slowed, swerved, or sounded the horn, reducing the likelihood of impact.  The Defendant’s fatigue deprived the Plaintiff of that margin of safety.  The Defendant’s breach was therefore a substantial and operative cause of the collision, which, if proved, fixes liability notwithstanding any allegation of contributory negligence.
(d)	Damage: The Plaintiff sustained physical injuries (cut on leg, bruising on thigh, persistent pain in chest and legs) and loss of use of her motorcycle.  These are foreseeable consequences of negligent driving.
(e)	Contributory Negligence: The Defendant asserts that the Plaintiff was speeding and crossed into his lane.  Mere assertion without corroboration is insufficient.  Contributory negligence requires proof of the Plaintiff’s departure from reasonable care, which, if proved, would amount to a partial reduction of damages but not a complete defence.  No independent witness or physical evidence supports the Defendant’s claim.  At most, it raises a speculative possibility, which cannot rebut the Plaintiff’s prima facie case.
25.	The Defendant owed a duty of care as a driver.  Fatigue after an overnight shift impaired his vigilance.  His failure to slow, swerve, or sound his horn constituted a breach of duty.  The Plaintiff’s account of being struck while properly on her side of the road is consistent with such a breach.  The Defendant’s assertion of contributory negligence is unsupported by independent evidence. 
26.	The Court therefore finds that negligence is proved under the duty–breach–causation framework.

c) Res Ipsa Loquitur
27.	Even if this Court were mistaken in its finding of negligence on the balance of probabilities, the circumstances of the accident nonetheless warrant the inference of negligence under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.
28.	The Plaintiff argues that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies.  She submits that the Defendant’s vehicle was under his exclusive control, that a collision of this nature does not ordinarily occur without negligence, and that the Defendant has failed to provide a sufficient explanation.  Counsel emphasizes that the accident occurred on a straight stretch of road, where proper vigilance should have prevented any collision.
29.	The Defendant contends that the accident was caused by the Plaintiff’s own negligence, specifically her excessive speed and failure to remain in her lane.  He submits that these factors provide a sufficient explanation and displace any inference of negligence.
30.	The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, as articulated in Scott v London & St Katherine Docks Co, applies where: 
(a)	the thing causing the harm was under the exclusive control of the defendant; 
(b)	the accident is of a kind that does not ordinarily occur without negligence; and 
(c)	the defendant provides no sufficient explanation to rebut the inference.
31.	Applying these elements:
(a)	Exclusive Control: The Defendant’s motor vehicle was under his sole control at the time of the collision. 
(b)	Nature of accident: A collision of this kind, on a straight road in daylight, does not ordinarily occur if proper care is exercised.
(c)	Explanation: The Defendant’s account, that the Plaintiff was speeding and crossed into his lane, is inconsistent and unsupported by independent evidence.  No witness testimony, accident report, or corroborating material was produced to substantiate this claim.
32.	As in Byrne v Boadle, the accident itself speaks for negligence.  The Defendant’s vehicle, under his exclusive control, struck the Plaintiff’s motorcycle on a straight road in daylight with no evasive action taken.  Such a collision does not occur absent want of care.  His unsupported claim that the Plaintiff crossed into his lane does not rebut the inference.  
33.	Accordingly, negligence is established both by direct proof and by inference under res ipsa loquitur.
d) Vicarious Liability 
34.	The Plaintiff submits that the 2nd Defendant was a police officer employed by the Kiribati Police Service, and therefore his actions should bind the Kiribati Police Service.  Counsel argues that the Defendant’s status as an officer, coupled with his later actions in donning his uniform and directing traffic, demonstrate that he was acting in the course of employment.  The Plaintiff relies on the principle that employers are liable for the wrongful acts of their employees committed in the scope of their duties.
35.	The 2nd Defendant contends that he had completed his overnight shift and was commuting home in his private capacity at the time of the accident.  Counsel for the 1st Defendant further argues that the Kiribati Police Service cannot be held liable for acts committed by an officer outside the scope of his official duties.
36.	The principle of vicarious liability requires that the tort be committed in the course of employment.  As stated in St Helen’s Colliery v Hewitson, liability attaches only where the employee was “doing what he was employed to do.”  The test distinguishes between acts performed in furtherance of the employer’s business and acts undertaken in a purely personal capacity.
37.	Comparative authorities illustrate the boundaries of this principle.  In Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd, the House of Lords expanded liability where the wrongful act was closely connected with the employee’s duties.  Conversely, in Storey v Ashton, liability was denied where the employee had embarked on a “frolic of his own.  In commuting contexts, courts across common law jurisdictions have consistently held that travel to and from work is a personal act, outside the course of employment, unless the employee is on a “special mission” for the employer (Smith v Stages).
38.	Kiribati jurisprudence confirms these boundaries.  In Nanotasi CS Ltd v Tito, the High Court rejected the defence that an employee was acting independently, finding instead that he was transporting pig food in furtherance of his employer’s business, and thus liability attached.  In Tenubobo v Mawanei, the Court of Appeal held that negligence during an authorized journey, transporting employees home, remained within the course of employment.  
39.	Both comparative and local authorities demonstrate a consistent boundary: liability attaches only where the employee’s acts are sufficiently connected to the employer’s enterprise.  Where the act is a personal errand, commuting, or a “frolic of his own,” liability does not arise.  
40.	Applying that boundary: the Defendant’s conduct was personal, not official.  He had completed his overnight shift and was commuting home privately at the time of the accident.  Commuting home after duty is not part of a police officer’s functions.  Unlike Nanotasi CS Ltd v Tito and Tenubobo v Mawanei, his conduct was not connected to the employer’s enterprise but was a personal errand, akin to the “frolic of his own” described in Storey v Ashton.  Unlike Smith v Stages, there is no evidence that the Defendant was on a special mission or acting under instructions from his employer.  The 1st Defendant is therefore not vicariously liable.
e) Damages
41.	The Plaintiff claims AUD$1,400 for the replacement of her motorcycle, asserting that it was beyond repair after the collision.  She further claims AUD$19,000 in general damages for pain, suffering, and loss of amenity.  Counsel submits that her sworn testimony of injuries (cut on leg, bruising on thigh, persistent pain in chest and legs) is sufficient to establish entitlement to damages, even in the absence of medical reports.  She argues that the Court should award damages comparable to those in Benn v PUB and Korieta v BPA, where general damages of AUD$19,000 and AUD$20,000 respectively were awarded.
42.	The 2nd Defendant disputes both heads of damages.  He submits that the Plaintiff has failed to provide receipts, repair reports, or corroborating evidence to prove the motorcycle was beyond repair.  He further argues that the Plaintiff’s injuries are unsubstantiated, as no medical reports or admissible photographs were tendered.  Counsel contends that damages must be strictly proved and that the Plaintiff’s claims are exaggerated and unsupported.
43.	The Court distinguishes between special and general damages:
o	Special damages: As stated in Ratcliffe v Evans, “special damage must be explicitly claimed and strictly proved.”  This principle has been applied locally in Taraia v Reue and more recently in Benn v PUB.  In the present case, the Plaintiff has provided no mechanic’s report, no police accident report, no receipts, nor any corroborating witness testimony to substantiate that the motorcycle was beyond repair or that the claimed amount reflects its value.  Mere assertion is insufficient.  Consistent with Taraia v Reue, unsupported claims must be rejected.  The claim for AUD$1,400 is therefore dismissed.
o	General damages: Unlike special damages, which must be specifically pleaded and strictly proved, general damages are assessed broadly by the Court to reflect pain, suffering, and loss of amenity, guided by precedent and fairness.  The Plaintiff’s sworn testimony establishes that she sustained injuries.  However, the absence of medical reports or admissible photographic evidence limits the weight of her claim.  Authorities such as Benn v PUB and Korieta v BPA demonstrate that higher awards are justified where medical corroboration is strong.  In contrast, where evidence is limited to testimony, courts have awarded modest sums.  This contrast is illustrated by Taraia v Reue, where general damages of $15,000 were awarded on the strength of medical evidence confirming permanent disability.  In the present case, by comparison, the evidential foundation is weaker, and a proportionately modest award is warranted.
44.	This case falls closer to Taraia v Reue than to Benn v PUB or Korieta v BPA.  The evidential foundation is weaker; the award must be modest.
45.	Accordingly, while the claim for special damages fails for want of proof, the Court affirms that general damages are nonetheless warranted to reflect the Plaintiff’s pain and suffering.
46.	On the balance of probabilities, the Court accepts that the Plaintiff suffered pain and suffering and awards AUD$3,000 in general damages, which is proportionate to the limited evidential support.  This award is deliberately modest compared to Benn v PUB and Korieta v BPA, where higher sums were granted, because in the present case there is no medical corroboration of the claimed injuries.  Costs are fixed at AUD$50 for the court fee and AUD$500 for attorney’s fee.  Interest is awarded at 5% per annum pursuant to Order 13 Rule 3 of the High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules 1964, running from the date of judgment until payment in full.

VI. Conclusion and Orders
47.	For the reasons set out above, the Court finds as follows:
a)	Identity of the Plaintiff: The Court finds that the Plaintiff was the rider injured in the accident.  The Defendant’s belated denial was procedurally defective and evidentially unsupported.
b)	Negligence: The Court finds that the 2nd Defendant was negligent; fatigue left him inattentive, he failed to act with reasonable care, and that failure caused the collision.  
c)	Res Ipsa Loquitur: The Court finds that the doctrine applies.  The accident speaks for itself: negligence is inferred from the circumstances, and the Defendant’s explanation fails to rebut that inference.
d)	Vicarious Liability: The Court finds that the 1st Defendant, representing the Kiribati Police Service, is not vicariously liable.  The 2nd Defendant was commuting in his private capacity and was not “doing what he was employed to do”.
e)	Damages: The Court finds that the Plaintiff has failed to prove special damages but has proved entitlement to general damages.  A modest award of AUD$3,000 is appropriate, together with costs and interest.
48.	Identity and negligence are proved. Res ipsa loquitur reinforces liability. Vicarious liability fails.  Damages are modest but warranted.
49.	ORDER:
1)	Judgment for the Plaintiff against the 2nd Defendant personally.
2)	The claim against the 1st Defendant is dismissed.
3)	The Plaintiff is awarded AUD$3,000 in general damages, proportionate to the limited evidential support.
4)	Costs are fixed at AUD$50 for the court fee and AUD$500 for attorney’s fee.
5)	Interest at 5% per annum pursuant to Order 13 Rule 3 of the High Court (Civil Procedure) Rules 1964, running from the date of judgment until payment in full.

Delivered at Betio, this 24th day of December 2025.

HON. AOMORO AMTEN
Judge of the High Court