Home
| Databases
| WorldLII
| Search
| Feedback
High Court of Fiji |
IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
AT LAUTOKA
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL CASE NO.: HAA 54 OF 2014
BETWEEN:
KRISHNA SAMI GOUNDAR
Appellant
AND:
STATE
Respondent
Counsels: Mr. I Khan for the Appellant
Ms. S. Kiran for the Respondent
Date of Hearing: 23 January 2015
Date of Judgment: 3 February 2015
JUDGMENT
a) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in Law and in fact in convicting the Appellant when he failed to inform the Appellant of his right to consult a Lawyer before the plea to the charges against him.
b) THAT the Appellants guilty was not made voluntarily as he was pressurized by the Police that if he pleads guilty he will not be sent to prison.
c) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not taking into account the Appellant’s restitution to the complainant.
d) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in sentencing the Appellant to imprisonment for 8 months as excessive and harsh in the circumstances.
e) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not taking into relevant consideration in passing sentence to the Appellant.
f) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in not giving a suspended sentence to the Appellant due to his mitigating circumstances.
g) THAT the Learned Trial Magistrate took irrelevant matters into consideration when sentencing the Appellant.
h) THAT the Appellant reserve his right to argue and/or add further Grounds of Appeal upon receipt of the Court Record in this matter.
1st Ground
“the right of counsel under Section 28 (1) of the Constitution is subject to that criterion of reasonableness. To construe Section 28 (1) (d) as conferring an absolute right to counsel of choice would seriously impede the administration of justice. Such a construction would, practically, be unworkable. It is implicit in the section the right to counsel conferred thereby is qualified by considerations of reasonableness. The Constitutional right is one which must be exercised at the proper time. It cannot be exercised on the eve of the trial to force an adjournment.”
“This court has on several occasions explained the practical limits on the right to counsel. The right to counsel is not absolute. Where an accused person is indigent, the right to be provided with representation under the Legal Aid Scheme must depend on the interests of justice.”
“It is preferable that anyone facing a serious charge should be able to be represented by counsel. Unfortunately the limited resources of the State and the financial circumstances of many defendants mean they are unrepresented. In such circumstances the trial Court should ensure that the defendant has been allowed reasonable time to instruct counsel. Once he has, the Court also has a duty to hear the case as expeditiously as possible. Whenever an accused is unrepresented the Court should explain the procedure sufficiently for the accused to be able to conduct his defence.”
“The question for this Court is whether there was possibility that he was adversely prejudiced by his lack of representation. In the present case, the record shows that he was given more than adequate time to find counsel, he was advised correctly of his rights by the trial judge and conducted his case competently.”
2nd Ground
“[20] However an appellate Court will only consider an appeal against conviction following a plea of guilty if there is some evidence on the record of equivocation or if the plea was entered as a result of a misunderstanding of the law or in the absence of a free and informed decision.”
“...each case must be dealt with on its own particular facts and there must be an intentional and unequivocal admission of guilt by an accused adequately informed of the substance of the charge or complaint”
“[9] The authorities relating to equivocal pleas make it quite clear that the onus falls upon an appellant to establish facts
upon which the validity of a guilty plea is challenged (see Bogiwalu v State
[10] Whether a guilty plea is effective and binding is a question of fact to be determined by the appellate Court ascertaining from the record and from any other evidence tendered what took place at the time the plea was entered. We are in no doubt from the material before us that the 1st appellant’s plea was not in any way equivocal. As the 1st appellant admitted to us during argument, he pleaded guilty to the charge after having been advised to do so by his counsel in the hope of obtaining a reduced sentence. As was stated by the High Court of Australia in Meissner v The Queen [1995] HCA 41; (1995) 184 CLR 132);
"It is true that a person may plead guilty upon grounds which extend beyond that person’s belief in his guilt. He may do so for all manner of reasons: for example, to avoid worry, inconvenience or expense; to avoid publicity; to protect his family or friends; or in the hope of obtaining a more lenient sentence than he would if convicted after a plea of not guilty. The entry of a plea of guilty upon grounds such as these nevertheless constitutes an admission of all the elements of the offence and a conviction entered upon the basis of such a plea will not be set aside on appeal unless it can be shown that a miscarriage of justice has occurred. Ordinarily that will only be where the accused did not understand the nature of the charge or did not intend to admit he was guilty of it or if upon the facts admitted by the plea he could not in law have been guilty of the offence."
3rd Ground
4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Grounds
“It is well established law that before this court can disturb the sentence, the appellant must demonstrate that the court below fell into error in exercising its sentencing discretion. If the trial Judge acts upon a wrong principle, if he allows extraneous or irrelevant matters to guide or affect him, if he mistakes facts, if he does not take into account some of the relevant considerations, then the appellate court may impose a different sentence. This error may be apparent from the reasons for sentence or it may be inferred from the length of the sentence itself. (House v The King [1936] HCA 40; (1936) 55 CLR 499).
“There are two deception offences in the Crimes Decree; obtaining property by deception (Section 317) and obtaining a financial advantage by deception (Section 318). The main Section is 317 because there are numerous sub clauses of explanation, and the section encompasses obtaining of choses-in-action as well as of tangible property. Obviously the section provides for the taking of monies and so it would have been a far more relevant offence in a situation such as in the present case. Obtaining a financial advantage (section 318) is more appropriate to situations such as securing scholarships by deception, securing a credit line by deception for example. It is not wrong for the charge to read financial advantage in this case, but it is not strictly correct. When an employee steals money from a bank account it is theft of a chose-in- action and it is obtaining property by deception contrary to 317(7) or sometimes 317(8) if the money is transferred to another.
The penalty for both offences is the same that is ten years. Under the old Penal Code the maximum for the offence was a term of 5 years and the tariff was between 18 months to three years. As this Court stated in Atil Sharma HAC122.2010, given that the penalty has doubled, a new tariff should be set as being between 2 years and 5 years with the minimum being reserved for minor spontaneous cases with little deception.
From two years to five years then is the new tariff band for these two offences (financial advantage and property) and any well planned and sophisticated deception will attract the higher point of the band or even more if that court gives good reason. It will of course be a serious aggravating feature if the person being defrauded is unsophisticated, naive or in any other way socially disadvantaged.”
“The tariff under the Penal Code offence for obtaining money by deception was 18 months to three years (Arun v State [2009] HAA 55 o8, 008, Ateca v State> HAA 71 of 1 of 2002, Rukhmani v State 056 0f 2008)
Now that the penalty under the new Crimes Decree has doubled, then obviousliously thiy this tariff needs to be revisited. The tariffobtaia pecuniary advantage by deception should now be w be betwebetween 2 years and 5 years with 2 years being reserved for minor offences with little and spontaneous deception. The top end of the range will obviously be reserved for fraud of -the most serious kind where a premeditated and well planned cynical operation is put in place."
"In selecting a starting point, the Court must have regard to an objective seriousness of the offence. No reference should be made to the mitigating and aggravating factors at this stage. As a matter of good practice, the starting point should be picked from the lower or middle range of the tariff. After adjusting for the mitigating and aggravating factors, the final term should fall within the tariff. If the final term falls outside either below or higher than the tariff, then the sentencing Court should provide reasons why the sentence is outside the range."
Sudharshana De Silva
JUDGE
At Lautoka
3rd February, 2015
Solicitors: Iqbal Khan & Associates for the Appellant
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions for the Respondent
PacLII:
Copyright Policy
|
Disclaimers
|
Privacy Policy
|
Feedback
URL: http://www.paclii.org/fj/cases/FJHC/2015/65.html