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High Court of Fiji |
IN THE HIGH COURT OF FIJI
AT SUVA
CIVIL JURISDICTION
Civil Action No. 161 of 2011
IN THE MATTER of Mortgage Number 553274given by
MACIU TAMANI PALU in favour of
Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Limited
over property being Certificate of Title No. 23233 being Lot 23 on DP. No. 5070.
BETWEEN:
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BANKING GROUP LIMITED
a duly constituted Banking Corporation having its registered office in Melbourne, Australia and carrying on business in Suva and having
branches throughout Fiji.
PLAINTIFF
AND:
MACIU TAMANI PALU aka MACIU TAMANIBOLA PALU
of Lot 23, Maqbool Road, Nadera, Nasinu, in the Republic of Fiji.
DEFENDANT
BEFORE: MASTER DEEPTHI AMARATUNGA
COUNSEL: Ms B. Narayan for the Plaintiff
The Defendant in person
DATE OF HEARING: 22nd August, 2011
DATE OF RULING: 29th September, 2011
RULING
(2) ............exhibit a true copy of the mortgage and the original mortgage;
(3) Show the circumstances under which the right to possession arises and...............the state of the account between the mortgagor and mortgagee with particulars of –
(a) The amount of the advance;
(b) The amount of the periodic payment required to be made;
(c) The amount of any interest or installments in arrears at the date of the issue of the Originating Summons and the date of Affidavit; and
(d) The amount remaining due under the mortgage.
The Defendant admitted the fact of signing the mortgage and no allegations of duress or fraud are being made against the Plaintiff regarding the execution of the said mortgage that is attached to the affidavit in support.
"Order 88 of the High Court rules only deal with action relating to Mortgage. It gives Mortgagees the right to claim possession without being registered proprietor with or without foreclosure. To that extent Order 88 is available to him nothing can inhibit him from utilizing Order 88".
"A Mortgagee upon default in payment of the Mortgage money or any part thereof, may enter into possession of the mortgaged land by receiving the rents and profits thereof or may distains upon the occupier or tenant of the said lands for the rent then due."
"Effect of legislation
Legislation that imposes an obligation on mortgagers, or gives rights or protects to mortgagees, is part of this mortgage unless it is inconsistent with something else in this mortgage.
However, legislation (and anything done under legislation), to the extent that it might limit ANZ's rights under this mortgage, will not apply unless a law says that a mortgage or agreement cannot stop it from applying.
Mortgage provisions implied in this mortgage by section 68 of the Property Law Act shall not apply to the extent they limit the ANZ's rights under this mortgage."
So the clauses of the mortgage instrument has to be read in conjunction with the relevant statutory law.
Section 79 (1) of the Property Law Act, Cap 130 provides that:
If default in payment of the mortgage money or in the performance or observance of any covenant continues for one month after the service of the notice referred to in section 77, the mortgagee may sell or concur with any other person in selling the mortgaged property, or any part thereof, either subject to prior leases, mortgages and encumbrances or otherwise, and either together or in lots, by public auction or by private contract, or partly by the one and partly by the other of those methods of payment of the purchase money or otherwise as the mortgagee thinks fit, with power to vary any contract for sale and to buy in at any auction or to vary or rescind any contract for sale and to resell without being answerable for any loss occasioned thereby, with power to make such roads, street and passages and grant such easements of right of way or drainage over the same as the circumstances or the case require and the mortgagee thinks fit, and may make and sign such transfers and do such acts and things as are necessary for effectuating any such sale. (emphasis is added]
"The benefit of having a security for a debt would be greatly diminished if the fact that a debtor has raised claims for damages against the Mortgagee were allowed to prevent any enforcement of the security until after the litigation of those claims had been completed.
In my opinion the fact that such claims have been brought provides no valid reason for the granting of an injunction to restrain, until they have been determined, the exercise by a Mortgagee of the remedies given to him by the Mortgage".
It is clear that even in a case of a debtor has made a claim for damages against the mortgagee the courts would not grant a stay of sale being executed between the mortgagee and third party buyer. The rationale being that the interest of the Mortgagee is paramount to enable viable commercial environment in the world of commerce. If a party who is claiming damages is successful in the end, it can always claim the award of damage granted by the court this should not be a reason for staying or refusing the rights of the mortgagee to sell and recover money for the mortgaged property. This is a well established principle and this has weathered the test of time and it is more appropriate in a global recession that has been predicted by financial institutions including IMF. A financial institution when it lends money secures it against some security and that is to insure its risk against a defaulting customer and if the security is a property it should not be considered differently from other securities as to the form of recovery of debt in a default. Having a considerable bad debt is not healthy for a financial institute and specially when there is a security (as in a mortgage) it should be recoverable and a filing of a damages suit against the Plaintiff should not prevent any exercise of Plaintiff's right to recover the debt due to the default of the Defendant by proceeding with the mortgagee sale and for recovery of the possession of the property to finalize the transfer of the property to enable the Defendant to recover the maximum amount of money possible and any order to the contrary would eventually lead a financial institute saddled with a property which is less liquid compared to money, which they need for their existence.
National Bank of Fiji –v- Hussein (1995) FJHC 29, referred to the case of: Western Bank Ltd –v- Schindler (1997) 1 Ch1; where Buckley, L.J. Goff said;
"A legal mortgagee's right to possession is a Common law right which is an incident to his estate in the land. It should not be lightly treated as abrogated or restricted. Although it is perhaps most commonly exercised as a preliminary step to an exercise of the Mortgagee's power of sale, so that the sale may be made with Vacant possession, this is not its only value to the Mortgagee. The Mortgagee may wish to protect his security.................he might wish to take possession for the purpose of carrying out repairs or to prevent waste".
Accordingly, a mortgaged property can be possessed by the mortgagee even without a sale of that.
"If default is made in payment of the mortgage money or any part thereof, or in the performance or observance of any covenant expressed in any mortgage or in this Act declared to be implied in any mortgage, and such default is continued for one month or for such other period of time as is in such mortgage for that purpose expressly fixed, the mortgagee may serve on the mortgagor notice in writing to pay the mortgage money to perform and observe the covenants therein expressed or implied, as the case may be."
"Subject to the provisions of the Land Transfer Act, any notice required or authorized by the provisions of this Act to be served on the proprietor of any estate or interest in land registered under the provisions of that Act may be served on him (Cap. 131.)
(a) By delivering the same to him personally;
(b) By posting the same to him by registered letter addressed to him at his address as appearing in the register in which case such notice shall be deemed to have been serviced at the time when the registered letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post; or
(c) In the case of a notice to be served on a lessee or mortgagor if there be no such address by leaving the same on the land the subject of such lease or mortgage".
'I do not agree with paragraph 9 of the Plaintiff's Affidavit and further state that due to discrepancy in my account it was very difficult for me to response to any Demand Notices.'
Upon the service of the notice the Defendant has filed an action for damages and for an injunctive relief against the Plaintiff and in the said affidavit in support at paragraph 19 the Plaintiff has admitted that he defaulted payments of the loan for six months.
"(1) If default in payment of the mortgage money ........ Continues for one month after service of the notice referred to in section 77, the mortgagee may sell or concur with any person in selling the mortgaged property....."
'.....The Plaintiff has accepted a tender on the property and has entered into a written agreement dated 16/03/11 with the successful tenderer, one Sakiusa Kete...'
The said sale and agreement is also annexed to the affidavit in support of Jai Chand marked as 'F'.
"The Mortgagee will not be restrained from exercising his power of sale because the amount due is in dispute, or because the mortgagor has commenced a redemption action, or because the mortgagor objects to the manner in which the sale is being arranged. He will be restrained, however, if the mortgagor pays the amount claimed into court, that is, the amount which the mortgagee swears to be due to him, unless on the terms of the mortgage, the claim is excessive". (emphasis is mine]
The Removal of Caveat
'(2) Any such applicant or registered proprietor, or any other person having any registered estate or interest in the estate or interest protected by the caveat, may, by summons, call upon the caveator to attend before the court to show cause why the caveat should not be removed, and the court on proof of service of the summons on the caveator or upon the person on whose behalf the caveat has been lodged and upon such evidence as the court may require, may make such order in the premises, either ex parte or otherwise as to the court seems just, and, where any question of right or title requires to be determined, the proceedings shall be followed as nearly as may be in conformity with the rules of court in relation to civil causes.
"106. Any person-
(a) claiming to be entitled or to be beneficially interested in any land subject to the provisions of this Act, or any estate or interest therein, by virtue of any unregistered agreement or other instrument or transmission, or of any trust expressed or implied, or otherwise howsoever; or
(b) transferring any land subject to the provisions of this Act, or any estate or interest therein, to any other person to be held in trust,
may at any time lodge with the Registrar a caveat in the prescribed form, forbidding the registration of any person as transferee or proprietor of, and of any instrument affecting, such estate or interest either absolutely or unless such instrument be expressed to be subject to the claim of the caveator as may be required in such caveat."
In FNPF v Vivrass Hldgs Ltd [2004] FJHC 18 it was held:
'Under the Torrens system, a caveatable interest amounts to a proprietary interest in land. In Municipal District of Concord v Coles [1905] HCA 35; (1906) 3 CLR 96, Griffiths CJ said at p 107:
"it is only a person who has a legal or equitable interest in land, partaking of the character of an estate in it or equitable claim to it. Who can lodge a caveat?"
This is further elaborated in the case of Guardian Trust and Executors Co of NZ Ltd v Hall [1938] NZLR 1020 at 1025:
'A caveat is the creature of statute and may be lodge only by a person upon whom a right to lodge it has been conferred by the statute. It is not enough to show that the lodging and continued existence of the caveat would be in some way advantageous to the Caveator. He must bring himself within s.146 of the Land Transfer Act.'
'The right to lodge a caveat is a creature of statute and certain rights are conferred upon a person to lodge it. The provision relating to 'caveats' are contained on Part XVII of the Land Tranfer Act Cap 131. The caveator must bring himself within s 106 of the Act.'
'In any case, as stated by Mr. Yong, damages would be an adequate remedy for the Plaintiff should be succeed in his claim under the Writ in this action. .......
In conclusion, in the circumstance and on the facts of this case, the defendant, who is the registered proprietor of the property and who has a ready buyer for it should be free to sell his property free from encumbrances. The defendant has already been hampered in dealing with the property as a result of the said application before the Tribunal which dismissed the action. He has refused to vacate the property and now unlawfully persists in wanting to let the caveat remain...'
"The benefit of having a security for a debt would be greatly diminished if the fact that a debtor has raised claims for damages against the Mortgagee were allowed to prevent any enforcement of the security until after the litigation of those claims had been completed.
In my opinion the fact that such claims have been brought provides no valid reason for the granting of a injunction to restrain, until they have been determined, the exercise by a Mortgagee of the remedies given to him by the Mortgage", and the rules of granting and removal of caveat and the grant or refusal of injunction being the same, the said judgment is clear that the Plaintiff's request for the removal of the caveat should be granted.
The Court Orders as follows:
Dated at Suva this 29th Day of September, 2011.
.....................................
Mr D. Amaratunga
Master of the High Court
Suva
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URL: http://www.paclii.org/fj/cases/FJHC/2011/608.html